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1.
This paper continues the investigations of Clemens and Hartwig from 1992 on the proportion of garbage used as nesting material in the Kittiwake colony at Bulbjerg in the Jammerbugt in Northwest Denmark. Whereas in the year 1992 plastic garbage items were included in 39.3% of 466 Kittiwake nests in the Bulbjerg colony, in 2005 57.2% of 311 nests contained plastic debris. Although it has been forbidden to dispose of plastic garbage into the marine environment since the implementation of the MARPOL 73/78-Agreement/Annex V (Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution by Ship Waste) of 1989 and especially since the declaration of the North Sea as a MARPOL-Special Area for garbage in 1991, the pollution of the oceans and the North Sea is still an ubiquitous problem, particularly with regard to plastic waste. Plastic waste is presumably not used preferentially for nest-building, but in the context of available nesting material in the waters surrounding the breeding colony. Therefore the share of garbage parts in nests of certain species of birds is an indicator of the amount of waste in the natural environment in the vicinity of their breeding site. 相似文献
2.
Entanglement with plastic debris is a major cause of mortality in marine taxa, but the population-level consequences are unknown. Some seabirds collect marine debris for nesting material, which may lead to entanglement. Here we investigate the use of plastics as nesting material by northern gannets Morus bassanus and assess the associated levels of mortality. On average gannet nests contained 469.91 g (range 0-1293 g) of plastic, equating to an estimated colony total of 18.46 tonnes (range 4.47-42.34 tonnes). The majority of nesting material was synthetic rope, which appears to be used preferentially. On average 62.85 ± 26.84 (range minima 33-109) birds were entangled each year, totalling 525 individuals over eight years, the majority of which were nestlings. Although mortality rates are high, they are unlikely to have population-level effects. The use of synthetic fibres as nesting material is a common strategy among seabirds, but the impacts of entanglement warrants further investigation. 相似文献
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CSU－RAMS模式在区域气侯模拟中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
将ＣＳＵ－ＲＡＭＳ（中尺度）数值模式改造成“区域气候数值模式”以及进行区域气候数值模拟的试验研究。说明将有限区域中尺度数值模式与ＧＣＭ模式嵌套应用到区域气候数值模拟研究上能够取得有意义的结果。它能在一定程度上改善ＧＣＭ模式的不足。可以更为细致地描述大气环流的变化特征,是了解区域气候变化的有效方法之一。 相似文献
5.
An atmosphere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM) has been coupled with a nine-layer General Circulation Model (GCM) of Institute of Atmospheic Physics / State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (IAP/LASG), which is rhomboidally truncated at zonal wave number 15, to simulate global climatic mean states. AVIM is a model having inter-feedback between land surface processes and eco-physiological processes on land. As the first step to couple land with atmosphere completely, the physiological processes are fixed and only the physical part (generally named the SVAT (soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer scheme) model) of AVIM is nested into IAP/LASG L9R15 GCM. The ocean part of GCM is prescribed and its monthly sea surface temperature (SST) is the climatic mean value. With respect to the low resolution of GCM, i.e., each grid cell having longitude 7.5° and latitude 4.5°, the vegetation is given a high resolution of 1.5° by 1.5° to nest and couple the fine grid cells of land with the coarse grid cells of atmosphere. The coupling model has been integrated for 15years and its last ten-year mean of outputs was chosen for analysis.Compared with observed data and NCEP reanalysis, the coupled model simulates the main characteristics of global atmospheric circulation and the fields of temperature and moisture. In particular, the simulated precipitation and surface air temperature have sound results. The work creates a solid base on coupling climate models with the biosphere. 相似文献
6.
山西省气候预报研究课题组 《气象学报》1999,57(3):316-329
运用中国区域气候模式对１９９６年６月进行了一个月的区域性月预报的初步试验,并进一步研究了海表温度场（ＳＳＴ）变化和单向嵌套时的初值和边界条件变化对区域性月预报影响的试验 相似文献
7.
Ren-sheng Chen Yan-hong Gao Shi-hua Lu Er-si Kang Xi-bin Ji Zhi-hui Zhang Yong Yang 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(4):763-768
The distributed water-heat coupled (DWHC) model is calibrated, with the help of the Mesoscale model version 5 (MM5), by calculating
the daily precipitation, the daily average air temperature at the 2.0 m heights and the daily potential evaporation in Heihe
mountainous watershed area and its vicinity (96.786°∼102.284°E, 37.328°∼40.601°N, 17 × 104 km2), from February 11 to June 30, 2003. The MM5 model periodically ran every 10 days in 3 km × 3 km grid resolution with an
integral time step of 3 s. In the MM5 model, many scheme or options are consulted or adopted, such as the Grell scheme cumulus
parameterization method, the Dudhia option, the cloud-radiation scheme, MRF PBL option and the modified Oregon State University
Land-surface model (OSULSM). According to the projection transform methods, the MM5 outputs are interpolated to the 1 km × 1 km
grid in Alberts projection by using triangle-based cubic interpolation (Cubic) and nearest neighbor interpolation (Nearest)
methods, with which the DWHC model shares the same method. The result shows that, when the Nearest method is used, the Nash-Sutcliffe
equation value of the daily average runoff is 0.79, the balance error is −0.79% and the goodness of fit R
2 value is 0.81. Meanwhile, when the Cubic method is used, the Nash-Sutcliffe equation value, the balance error and the R
2 value are 0.79, −0.65% and 0.80, respectively. Though the runoff simulation result is not favorable, it is still better than
that using measured data at the meteorological and hydrological stations; the latter has a Nash-Sutcliffe equation value of
0.61. The MM5-DWHC model results also show that runoff mainly occurs on land surfaces and from shallow soil layers. According
to model calibration results, certain outputs of MM5 are singular to some extent and the DWHC model is very sensitive to the
initial values. 相似文献
8.
CSU－RAMS模式在区域气侯模拟中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
将ＣＳＵ－ＲＡＭＳ（中尺度）数值模式改造成“区域气候数值模式”以及进行区域气候数值模拟的试验研究。说明将有限区域中尺度数值模式与ＧＣＭ模式嵌套区域气候数值模拟研究上能够取得有意义的结果,它能在一定程度上改善ＧＣＭ模式的不足,可以更为细致地描述大气环流的变化特征,是了解区域气候变化的有效方法之一。 相似文献
9.
嵌套域大小对区域气候模式模拟效果的影响 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
This paper presents a numerical study on the 1998 summer rainfall over the Yangtze River valley in central and eastern China, addressing effect of a nested area size on simulations in terms of the technique of nesting a regional climate model (RCM) upon a general circulation model (GCM). Evidence suggests that the size exerts greater impacts upon regional climate of the country, revealing that a larger nested size is su perior to a small one for simulation in mitigating errors of GCM-provided lateral boundary forcing. Also,simulations show that the RCM should incorporate regions of climate systems of great importance into study and a low-resolution GCM yields more pronounced errors as a rule when used in the research of the Tibetan Plateau, and, in contrast, our PσRCM can do a good job in describing the plateau′s role in a more realistic and accurate way. It is for this reason that the tableland should be included in the nested area when the RCM is employed to investigate the regional climate. Our PσRCM nesting upon a GCM reaches morerealistic results compared to a single GCM used. 相似文献
10.
将一个大气植被相互作用模式(AVIM)与大气所LASG的R15九层大气环流模式GOALS相耦合．用来模拟多年平均的全球气候状况。AVIM是一个陆地表面陆面和生理过程相互反馈的模型。作为陆气耦合的第一步,暂不考虑AVIM中的生理过程,而首光将其物理过程[相当于通常的SVAT(土壤—植被—大气—传输方案)模型]与大气所LASG的九层大气环流模式耦合起来．其中海洋模式部分不参与积分,海面温度是多年平均的气候伯。考虑到GCM的分辨率较低(7．5°×4．5°)而植被分布必须有较高的分辨率(1.5°×1.5°),采取广大气与地表面粗细网格的嵌套耦合。模式积分15年,取最后10年的平均值作分析。将模拟的气候要素场与观测值和NCEP再分析资料作了比较,气候模拟结果反映了全球环流与温湿场的主要特征,特别是降水和地面气温的模拟效果较好。这为今后气候模式与生物圈的耦合奠定广一个良好的基础。 相似文献