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Robert E. Samuelson 《Planetary and Space Science》2003,51(2):127-145
Heating occurs in Titan's stratosphere from the absorption of incident solar radiation by methane and aerosols. About 10% of the incident sunlight reaches Titan's surface and causes heating there. Thermal radiation redistributes heat within the atmosphere and cools to space. The resulting vertical temperature profile is stable against convection and a state of radiative equilibrium is established. Equating theoretical and observed temperature profiles enables an empirical determination of the vertical distribution of thermal opacity. A uniformly mixed aerosol is responsible for most of the opacity in the stratosphere, whereas collision-induced absorption of gases is the main contributor in the troposphere. Occasional clouds are observed in the troposphere in spite of the large degrees of methane supersaturation found there. Photochemistry converts CH4 and N2 into more complex hydrocarbons and nitriles in the stratosphere and above. Thin ice clouds of trace organics are formed in the winter and early spring polar regions of the lower stratosphere. Precipitating ice particles serve as condensation sites for supersaturated methane vapor in the troposphere below, resulting in lowered methane degrees of supersaturation in the polar regions. Latitudinal variations of stratospheric temperature are seasonal, and lag instantaneous response to solar irradiation by about one season for two reasons: (1) an actual instantaneous thermal response to a latitudinal distribution of absorbing gases, themselves out of phase with the sun by about one season, and (2) a sluggish dynamical response of the stratosphere to the latitudinal transport of angular momentum, induced by radiative heating and cooling. Mean vertical abundances of stratospheric organics and aerosols are determined primarily by atmospheric chemistry and condensation, whereas latitudinal distributions are more influenced by meridional circulations. In addition to preferential scavenging by precipitating ice particles from above, the polar depletion of supersaturated methane results from periodic scavenging by short-lived tropospheric clouds, coupled with the steady poleward march of the continuously drying atmosphere due to meridional transport. 相似文献
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使用卫星资料进行边界层四维变分同化研究综述 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
数值天气预报是当前天气预报的重要手段之一,而同化工作一直是数值预报研究的重点。在查阅了近年来国内外相关文献的基础上,对使用卫星举行资料边界层四维变分同化的研究进展进行了论述,并对最优插值法和变分法2种主要的研究方法进行了简单介绍。研究结果认为,变分方法对于初始场的改善具有明显的效果,与纯粹的统计插值方法相比,变分法具有十分明显的优势;理论上变分法能够同化所有类型大气探测资料,对非常规探测的包容能力极强,不仅能最大限度地获得观测中的信息量,而且避免了各种反演不适定问题。 相似文献
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湿地价值评估尺度转换方法——Meta分析研究概述 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
湿地价值评估中的尺度转换是通过一个已经有的、与被估算生态系统相似的另一生态系统的价值来估算该湿地生态系统的价值量的过程。Meta分析(Meta-Analysis)是一种定量其他评价效应的大小,并进行综合分析评价的方法,是分析的分析,综合的综合,具有较高的统计效率及验证其他假设的功能,是一种较为精确的价值转移方法。阐述了Meta分析的定义,介绍了Meta分析的步骤及函数表达式,陈述了国内外学者对Meta分析的应用及研究进展,并对其未来的应用前景进行了展望。 相似文献
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第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）评述 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
世界气候研究计划（WCRP）发起了新一轮的国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6),目的是回答当前气候变化领域面临的新的科学问题,为实现WCRP“大挑战”计划所确立的科学目标提供数据支撑。文中回顾了CMIP的发展历程,介绍了CMIP6的组织思路,阐述了CMIP6核心试验及23个模式比较子计划（MIPs）的科学关注点,总结了参与CMIP6的全球模式概况以及中国的贡献。最后,从继承性和创新性等角度对CMIP6进行了评述,指出了CMIP6组织和实施中存在的问题,并对CMIP未来的发展进行了展望。 相似文献
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Pavel Ya. Groisman Sergey A. Bartalev The NEESPI Science Plan Development Team 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,56(3-4):215
Northern Eurasia Earth System Partnership Initiative, NEESPI, was established to address the global change processes associated with and/or originated within Northern Eurasia as well as to study the major socially-important processes within the region. NEESPI began as a US–Russian initiative but has quickly broadened into a fully international program. Scientists from 11 countries participated in preparing the NEESPI Science Plan. Current version of the Science Plan was released for public review on the World Wide Web in summer 2004 and finalized in December 2004. This paper provides an Overview of the Plan and is based, mainly, on its Executive Summary. The Overview describes the Plan's science themes and key science questions, provides a justification of the urgency studying Northern Eurasia from the global change prospective, and outlines research strategy and tools to address NEESPI science questions, as well as projected deliverables of the Initiative. 相似文献
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热带气旋研究和业务预报进展—第九届世界气象组织热带气旋国际研讨会（IWTC-9）综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2018年12月3—7日在美国夏威夷召开的第九届世界气象组织热带气旋国际研讨会对国际热带气旋研究和预报预警业务的近期进展进行了充分回顾,并对未来的发展方向进行了系统研讨。过去4年（2015—2018年）,在热带波动和对流对热带气旋生成的影响、复杂环境影响热带气旋路径转向的机理、对流和风垂直切变对热带气旋强度变化的作用机制、双眼墙形成和替换机理、热带气旋变性过程对环境条件的响应、热带气旋气候变化特征、热带气旋多平台观测技术等诸多方面的研究取得了显著进展。同时,在热带气旋生成概率预报、全球模式中热带气旋强度预报改进、热带气旋活动次季节业务预测技术发展以及热带气旋预报不确定性理论等方面也取得积极进展。在综述此次会议的相关议题后,简要讨论中国热带气旋研究和业务发展方向。 相似文献
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A. Das Gupta 《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2008,33(5):298-303
Consideration of environmental flows in river basin management poses great challenges. Environmental flows are interpreted as the natural or regulated releases of water needed in a river to maintain specified valued features of the river ecosystems. This has never been considered explicitly in water resources management of a river basin. An attempt is, therefore, made here to reflect the perception and implications of environmental flows in water resources management. Assessment approaches are reviewed in the context of flow characteristics of a river system and recommendations are put forward on what is to be done to adopt this new concept in practice. 相似文献
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多通道瞬变电磁法是近年来国际发展的油气资源探测新方法,为了实现这种方法由油气资源领域向矿产资源勘查领域的拓展,中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所牵头对其装备与数据处理解释系统开展技术攻关.针对上述自主研发的多通道瞬变电磁装置,基于其数据采集、数据处理与解释等技术要求,本文对与之匹配开发的多通道瞬变电法磁数据处理解释系统(包含预处理、大地响应正演模拟、二维和三维数据偏移成像等模块)的性能进行分析,结果表明:经过对多通道瞬变电磁法数据处理方法的技术攻关,形成了包含数据处理、正演模拟、二三维偏移成像、解释与可视化等模块的多通道瞬变电磁数据处理解释系统,为多通道大功率电法勘探系统的应用提供了良好的支撑作用. 相似文献