Impact of physical parameterizations on simulation of the Caspian Sea lake-effect snow     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2021

The southwestern coast of the Caspian Sea often experiences heavy snowfall during winter season due to the lake effect. The accurate estimation of snowfall in this region is still a challenge for weather forecasters. This study attempts to investigate the simulation of lake-effect snow (LES) event occurring along the southwest coastline of the Caspian Sea from 31 January to 4 February 2014 using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The study evaluates the sensitivity of four microphysics (WSM6, Goddard, Morrison, and Thompson) schemes and two planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes (the Yonsei University (YSU) and the Mellor-Yamada-Janjic (MYJ)), yielding eight distinct combinations. The results indicated that all the simulations overestimated the precipitation. However, the best configurations for estimation of precipitation and snow in terms of their spatiotemporal variation were the Morrison-MYJ and the Goddard-MYJ, respectively. Analyses of the vertical profiles of hydrometeor species showed that the combination of Goddard and MYJ schemes created more snow and graupel than the other configurations. Although the combination of WSM-MYJ schemes revealed the least bias, it was not appropriate for the prediction of snow. A comparison of the two boundary layer schemes showed that the MYJ scheme simulated better intensity and distribution of precipitation than the YSU scheme compared to observations. Also, the maximum radar reflectivity of the model output was useful for identifying the location of maximum precipitation.  相似文献   

Interpreting Reynolds stress from perspective of eddy geometry     

《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2021

Geometric features in oceanic mesoscale eddies such as tilt and anisotropy can influence the properties of the Reynolds stress that provides feedback between the eddies and the background flow. By regarding an eddy as a wave, previous studies have parameterized the Reynolds stress based on the equivalence in the tilt angle between the phase of the eddy stream functions and the variance ellipse for the Reynolds stress (RS-ellipse). However, the wave assumption cannot predict the anisotropy of the RS-ellipse, and also largely simplifies the eddy geometry, which would naturally be an ellipsoid rather than a wave. The present study explores the shape relation between elliptical eddies and the RS-ellipse, by mathematically reformulating the Reynolds stress based on the eddy shape. The new formula reveals that the shape relation is regulated by the horizontal extent of the occurrence probability distribution (PDF) of the eddy, and that the shape of the eddy and RS-ellipse are identical at the place of maximum PDF when the horizontal scale of the PDF is sufficiently larger than the size of the eddy. A similar tendency is found in eddies detected by satellite altimetry in the Kuroshio Extension jet region. A detailed analysis of the PDF in this region shows that the tilts of the eddies are likely to be consistent with the destabilization effect on the jet, suggesting a strong relation between the eddy geometry and the jet's stability in this region. These findings may open a path toward a new method to parameterize the Reynolds stress with the background state, exploiting the shape equivalence between the eddies and the RS-ellipse.  相似文献   

MM5和ETA相似理论近地层方案对农田下垫面通量模拟比较研究     

王寅钧  周明煜  徐祥德  孙绩华 《气象学报》2013,71(1):677-691

近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义, 湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一。选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统, 离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA 相似理论迭代方案B), 并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析。在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下, 根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合, 发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显。将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算。结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素, 在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量, 方案A优于方案B, 而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量, 方案B优于方案A, 两种方案总体来看误差不大。对于大理边界层通量观测场地农田植被交替的环境条件, 不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异, 以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显著影响。方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z₀和热量粗糙度z_0h的差异, 不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A。针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象, 在使用了(Zeng, et al, 1998)提出的对于使用辐射地表温度在裸土下垫面时的订正方法后, 计算结果也有明显改善。  相似文献   

随机参数扰动方法对中国冬季降水集合预报的影响     

陈雨潇  徐致真  陈静  李红祺  陈法敬 《大气科学》2020,44(5):984-996

降水数值预报有很大的不确定性,与降水预报密切相关的物理过程参数化方案中关键参数的不确定性是降水数值预报误差来源之一,对这些参数引入随机扰动的随机参数扰动方法（Stochastically Perturbed Parameterization,简称SPP方法）可以代表模式降水预报的不确定性,是国际集合预报前沿研究领域。为了认识该方法能否代表中国冬季降水数值预报的不确定性,为业务应用提供科学依据,基于中国气象局中尺度区域集合预报模式（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System-Regional Ensemble Prediciton System,简称GRAPES-REPS）,从对模式降水预报不确定性有较大影响的积云对流、云微物理、边界层及近地面层等四个参数化方案中选取了16个与降水密切相关的关键参数,引入了随机参数扰动方法,并通过2018年12月12日至2019年1月12日总计31天的冬季集合预报试验,对比分析了SPP方法对等压面要素及降水的集合预报效果。结果显示:在冬季应用SPP方法时,等压面要素的概率预报技巧总体来说优于无SPP方法扰动的对比试验,且对于低层、近地面要素的改进效果优于对中高层等压面要素的改进;但对降水概率预报而言,尽管检验评分数值略优于对比预报试验,但并未通过显著性检验,这表明,在东亚冬季风影响下,随机参数扰动方法对中国冬季降水概率预报技巧没有明显的改进。究其原因,可能是由于SPP方法主要代表对流性降水预报的不确定性,而中国冬季降水过程主要与斜压不稳定发生发展有关,模式降水以大尺度格点降水为主,对流性降水较少,故对冬季降水预报改进不明显,这为业务集合预报模式中应用随机参数扰动方法提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

气候模式中云辐射反馈过程机理的评述   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

汪方  丁一汇 《地球科学进展》2005,20(2):207-215

云对地气系统的辐射收支具有十分重要的作用,云辐射参数化是目前气候模式中不确定性的主要来源。云可以通过多种途径对辐射产生影响,形成不同符号、不同量值的反馈机制。研究表明,模式气候对不同的云辐射参数化方案十分敏感。预报云水含量方案的引入,改进了对云辐射过程的模拟,但与观测资料相比仍有差距。一般说来,模式中引入云水的相变和相互作用的云粒子大小产生负反馈,而光学厚度和云量产生的是正反馈。云辐射反馈的净作用其大小和符号因模式而异。云辐射与大尺度天气气候背景之间有着紧密的联系,尤其是海温对辐射平衡有显著影响。最后总结了当前云辐射研究中存在的主要问题,并提出了改进的途径。  相似文献   

A study of a fair weather boundary layer in TOGA-COARE: Parameterization of surface fluxes in large scale and regional models for light wind conditions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S. Mondon  J.L. Redelsperger 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,88(1):47-76

The study focuses on a way to parameterize the effect of subgrid scale convective motions on surface fluxes in large scale and regional models for the case of light surface winds. As previously proposed, these subgrid effects are assumed to scale with the convection intensity through the relationship: where is the mean velocity of the wind, U₀ the velocity of the mean wind, w_* the free convection velocity, and an empirical coefficient to be determined. Both observations and numerical simulation are presently used to determine the free convection coefficient .Large eddy simulation of a fair weather convective boundary layer case observed during TOGA-COARE is performed. Comparisons between observations and the simulation of surface properties and vertical profiles in the planetary boundary layer are presented. The simulated vertical turbulent fluxes of heat, moisture and buoyancy range well within estimates from aircraft measurements.The most important result is that the true free convection coefficient , directly estimated from simulation, leads to a value of 0.65, smaller than the ones estimated from temporal and spatial variances. Using observations and simulation, estimates of from temporal and spatial variances are obtained with similar values 0.8. From both theoretical derivations and numerical computations, it is shown that estimates of the true from variances are possible but only after applying a correction factor equal to 0.8. If this correction is not used, is overestimated by about 25%. The time and space sampling problem is also addressed in using numerical simulations.  相似文献   

用等效球Mie理论计算冰云光学特性的一种新方法     

张国栋 《成都信息工程学院学报》1998,(4)

对由六角形冰晶粒子组成的冰云的１４种冰晶尺度分布,分别用等效球Ｍｉｅ理论和射线光学理论计算了它们在从可见光到近红外谱区的１７个波长上的散射特性参量。并利用由等效球Ｍｉｅ理论获得的散射参数及冰晶尺度分布特征参量ｒｅ（有效半径）建立了冰云光学特性的参数化公式。这些参数化公式的最大相对误差小于５％。  相似文献   

Using the Mellor–Yamada mixing scheme in seasonally ice-covered seas—Corrigendum to: Parameterization of vertical mixing in the Weddell Sea [Ocean Modelling 6 (2004) 83–100]     

Ralph Timmermann  Martin Losch 《Ocean Modelling》2005,10(3-4):369-372

A coding error in the s-Coordinate Primitive Equation Model (SPEM) has led to misleading statements about the behaviour of the Mellor–Yamada level 2 parameterization of vertical mixing. It has been claimed that the scheme removes static instability only very slowly and preserves statically unstable stratifications for an unrealistic long time. This note corrects this statement by demonstrating that the Mellor–Yamada mixing scheme, if implemented correctly, tends to overestimate rather than underestimate vertical mixing in seasonally ice-covered seas. Similar to other mixing schemes with the same behaviour, this leads to spurious open ocean deep convection, an unrealistic homogenization of the water column, and a significant reduction of sea ice volume.  相似文献   

气候模式中云的垂直重叠及其辐射传输问题研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

李林涛 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2016,74(1):103-113

概述了全球气候模式中云的垂直重叠的处理方法及其辐射物理过程的最新研究进展。从云垂直重叠模型的构造、模型在气候模式中的实现方式,得到与观测一致的云重叠结构所采用的数据和方法、重叠云的辐射传输等方面,给出了针对这一国际研究难点问题的最新研究进展。关于气候模式中云的垂直重叠问题的研究至今已取得了许多成果,表现在:重叠模型上有了更为科学的描述形式(如指数衰减重叠);重叠云的辐射传输也有了更快速的处理方法(如蒙特卡洛独立柱近似)并被广泛应用;连续的三维云遥感观测(如CloudSat/CALIPSO)和云分辨尺度的三维云模式的发展为在气候模式中精确描述云的垂直结构提供了丰富的观测资料和模式数据。但是,气候模式中现有的云重叠结构处理及其辐射传输方法还远不够完善,仍然存在很多没有解决的问题需要在未来进行探索。  相似文献   

干旱区陆面过程参数改进对东亚区域气候影响的数值模拟     

鲍艳  张宇  吕世华  左洪超 《高原气象》2005,24(4):487-495

为了进一步检验裸土参数化的气候模拟性能，本文在文献[1，2]的基础上，利用NCEP再分析资料和Xie等全球降水资料与CCM3模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明：加入裸土参数化方案的CCM3能较好地再现冬季东亚和中国地区区域气候的主要特征，模式较原CCM3能更好地模拟地表温度和东亚及中国西北地区的降水，对东亚季风环流的模拟也较接近实际。同时，该方案在CCM3中的加入改进了青藏高原冬季降雪带及夏季高原东南部降水中心的模拟，提高了模式对高原冬夏季降水的模拟能力，从而再次说明利用观测资料对模式参数修正及参数化方法的改进是提高数值模式模拟能力的一个重要途径。  相似文献