Using existing scientific capacity to set targets for ecosystem-based management: A Puget Sound case study     

Jameal F. Samhouri  Phillip S. Levin  C. Andrew James  Jessi Kershner  Greg Williams 《Marine Policy》2011

Human actions have altered the structure and function of coastal ecosystems worldwide. In many locations, the overall portfolio of goods, cultural amenities, and supporting services provided by the marine environment has deteriorated. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) offers significant promise for addressing these issues because it is a comprehensive and integrated approach designed to reconcile conflicts and trade-offs among users of marine resources. A key step in the implementation of EBM is the establishment of target reference levels, or desired states, for indicators that reflect the status of the ecosystem. This paper reviews five approaches, borrowed from a variety of disciplines, to establish target reference levels for EBM. The approaches include the use of existing reference levels, reference directions, and reference levels based on nonlinear functional relationships, baselines, or social norms. Each approach is particularly suitable for EBM because it can be used alone or in combination with others to contextualize status for a diverse suite of ecosystem goals influenced by a wide variety of human activities. Perhaps most importantly, these approaches offer a prospectus for moving forward with EBM by using readily available information, motivating existing scientific capacity, and addressing trade-offs implicit to the setting of targets. This last point is articulated via examples of how each type of reference level might be applied in Puget Sound, WA, USA, where the efforts of scientists, managers, and policy makers have aligned recently in the interest of EBM implementation.  相似文献   

南京极值温度长期变化及其与平均温度的关系          下载免费PDF全文

闫少锋  张金池  张波  王永平  俞红  闵俊杰  张增信 《气象与环境学报》2011,27(3):33-39

利用1951-2009年南京日平均气温、日最高气温以及日最低气温等资料,分析了南京日最高气温和最低气温的长期演变趋势及其与平均温度的关系。结果表明：近60a来,南京年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈变暖趋势,20世纪90年代增温尤为明显;日最高气温,除夏季表现为降温趋势外,其他季节均为升温趋势;而四季平均气...  相似文献   

南京极值温度长期变化及其与平均温度的关系     

闫少锋  张金池  张波  王永平  俞红  闵俊杰  张增信 《辽宁气象》2011,(3):33-39

利用1951—2009年南京日平均气温、日最高气温以及日最低气温等资料,分析了南京日最高气温和最低气温的长期演变趋势及其与平均温度的关系。结果表明：近60 a来,南京年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈变暖趋势,20世纪90年代增温尤为明显;日最高气温,除夏季表现为降温趋势外,其他季节均为升温趋势;而四季平均气温和平均最低气温均为增温趋势;夏季气温日较差下降趋势明显,导致夏季昼夜温差减小;极端高温、低温的发生日数均呈下降趋势。极端气温与平均气温之间存在明显的相关性,且极端低温对平均气温影响更为明显。  相似文献   

地磁加卸载响应比方法最佳阈值研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

贾立峰  乔子云  张国苓  丁志华  张建国 《震灾防御技术》2015,10(2):472-478

地磁加卸载响应比方法(LURR)是从测震学中移植过来的、用于地震中期分析预测的一种地磁学方法。笔者应用红山地震台地磁数字化观测数据进行了地磁加卸载响应比的计算分析,经过统计得出在阈值选择为3.0时对地震进行预测的效果比较好,其与地震的对应概率为42%。同时,笔者还认为可能受限于方法本身及外界因素,地磁加卸载响应比方法在进行地震预测时,其虚报率及漏报率较高。  相似文献   

Representative sediment sizes in predicting the bed-material load for nonuniform sediments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

《国际泥沙研究》2016,(1):79-86

  相似文献   

大坝变形监测数据的小波分析处理方法     

万程辉  欧阳平 《北京测绘》2010,(1):32-34

引入小波分析方法对大坝变形监测数据的处理,实现了对离散型的变形数据的尺度分解,对变形趋势的分析。并且对变形数据在滤波、消噪等方面,对分解层次中的偶然误差特性分析,以及阀值的选取方法进行了比较,表明利用小波变换的方法对变形数据的分析处理是有效、可行的。  相似文献   

Effect of Initial Stress Conditions on the Threshold Shear Strain of Nanjing’s Saturated Fine Sand     

Chen Guoxing  Pan Hua 《中国地震研究》2010,24(1):128-136

By using GDS dynamic hollow cylinder torsional apparatus, a series of cyclic torsional triaxial tests under complex initial consolidation condition are performed on Nanjing saturated fine sand. The effects of the initial principal stress direction α0, the initial ratio of deviatoric stress η0, the initial average effective principal stress p0 and the initial intermediate principal stress parameter b0 on the threshold shear strain y, of Nanjing saturated fine sand are then systematically investigated. The results show that y, increases as η0, P0 and b0 increase respectively, while the other three parameters remain constant. α0 has a great influence on y,, which is reduced when α0 increases from 0° to 45° and increased when α0 increases from 45° to 90°. The effect of α0 on γt plays a leading role and the effect of η0 will weaken when α0 is approximately 45°.  相似文献   

基于机载微波辐射计探测大气水汽通道饱和问题研究     

王婉  雷恒池  聂皓浩  王兆宇  郭晓军 《气象学报》2021,79(3):509-520

183.31 GHz微波辐射计在探测低含量水汽时具有优势,但也存在通道饱和问题,定量研究该问题对明确该类型仪器探测水汽能力和适用范围具有重要意义。基于天津市人工影响天气办公室增雨飞机运-12搭载的183.31 GHz微波辐射计GVR（G-band water Vapor Radiometer）,采用探空资料对该辐射计4个通道进行饱和问题研究,定量计算其饱和阈值及探测灵敏度,分析各通道水汽探测能力及适用范围。结果表明:机载微波辐射计4个通道水汽探测灵敏度及饱和阈值与观测高度有关,当水汽含量较低时,通道1（（183±1）GHz）观测高度越高灵敏度越高,通道3（（183±7）GHz）和通道4（（183±14）GHz）观测高度越高灵敏度越低,通道2（（183±3）GHz）灵敏度几乎不受观测高度影响,通道1和通道4观测高度越高积分水汽探测饱和阈值越小,观测高度越低饱和阈值越大,通道2和通道3饱和阈值几乎不受观测高度影响。晴空条件下选择水汽探测能力最强的单通道对积分水汽含量进行反演,当积分水汽含量处于0—1.3、1.3—4.0和4.0—9.8 mm时,分别选择通道1、通道2、通道3作为反演通道,不同观测高度的积分水汽含量反演均适用。云的发射作用使辐射计各通道亮温升高,亮温升高幅度与云液态水含量、云与观测高度的距离及云厚有关,云液态水含量越大,各通道水汽探测灵敏度及饱和阈值越小;云天条件下选择水汽探测能力最强的双通道对积分水汽含量进行反演,以液态水路径区间来选择合适的水汽探测通道,液态水含量越高,积分水汽可探测范围越小。要探测到0.1 mm的积分水汽含量变化,机载微波辐射计（GVR）在晴空条件下的水汽探测适用范围为0—9.8 mm,其探测能力在云天条件下减弱,水汽探测适用范围因云液态水含量不同而不同。   相似文献   

Sediment movement under unidirectional flows: an assessment of empirical threshold curves   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. Paphitis 《Coastal Engineering》2001,43(3-4)

A selection of threshold data sets from previous investigations is used to re-examine, selectively, some of the empirical curves that are most commonly used for the prediction of sediment threshold. Simple analytical formulae are derived describing single line curves for mean threshold values and envelopes for the initial movement of discrete particles and the commencement of mass sediment transport phases of the critical condition.The complexity of factors governing the prevailing conditions at threshold, together with the randomness of events, limits deterministic solutions; however, the curves provide an approach that can be used readily in practical applications. In contrast, the envelope presentation is more of a stochastic approach to the definition of threshold. It recognises that there is no definitive threshold condition under which a particular particle size can be displaced, but rather that a range of threshold values exist.The empirical threshold relationships were derived on the basis of a relatively large amount of data. However, the sources utilised have interpreted the ‘critical condition’ in various ways, implying that the formulae must be treated with caution in applications.  相似文献   

潮流沙脊的水力学问题探讨     

刘振夏  夏东兴 《海洋科学进展》1995,(4)

借用河流水力学顺直河道中有两个次生横向环流的假说来解释潮流沙脊的成因，水槽实验和实际观察也支持了这一观点．正是这一次生的纵轴横向环流（即螺旋流）将泥沙从沟槽带向脊顶，建造了大致与潮流方向平行的潮流沙脊．根据底质粒度成份和分布特点．可分为粗底质沙脊和细底质沙脊两类．前者组成物质偏粗，底质分布为脊细槽粗，后者组成物质偏细，底质分布为脊粗槽细．这是因为影响颗粒起动流速的主导因素不同，前者以重力为主，后者以颗粒间粘结力为主．它们都反映沟槽中流速大于脊顶处流速．  相似文献