Experiment on Coordinated Observation of Offshore Typhoon in China     

Xiaotu Lei  Xuefen Zhang  Wansuo Duan  Hong Li  Zhiqiu Gao  Chuanhai Qian  Bingke Zhao  Jie Tang 《地球科学进展》2019,34(7):671-678

The lack of sufficient direct observation data of typhoon fine structure is the main bottleneck that restricts the further development of typhoon discipline and forecasting. This paper briefly introduced the basic information of the National Key R&D Program of China, entitled “Experiment on Coordinated Observation of Offshore Typhoon in China”, which started in early 2019. Firstly, the importance and necessity of the program around the national needs on typhoon-related disaster reduction and prevention were explained. Then, the coordinated observation difficulties and frontiers in the current typhoon discipline situation from the development and improvement of the physical mechanism and key forecasting technologies were shown. The overview of the direct observation instrument and platform, the field campaign and the parameterization techniques related to physical process in typhoon numerical modeling was provided. Finally, the key scientific and technical issues and main research contents of the program were given.  相似文献   

Digital mapping of coastal boulders – high-resolution data acquisition to infer past and recent transport dynamics     

Fabian Boesl  Max Engel  Rodrigo C. Eco  JaN B. Galang  Lia A. Gonzalo  Francesca Llanes  Eva Quix  Helmut Brückner 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1393-1410

Coastal boulder fields provide clues to long-term frequency-magnitude patterns of coastal flooding events and have the potential to play an important role in coastal hazard assessment. Mapping boulders in the field is time and labour-intensive, and work on intertidal reef platforms, as in the present study, is physically challenging. By addressing coastal scientists who are not specialists in remote sensing, this contribution reports on the possibilities and limitations of digital applications in boulder mapping in Eastern Samar, Philippines, where recent supertyphoons Haiyan and Hagupit induced high waves, coastal flooding and boulder transport. It is demonstrated how satellite imagery of sub-metre resolution (from Pléiades and WorldView-3 imagery) enables efficient analysis of transport vectors and distances of larger boulders, reflecting variation in latitudes of both typhoon tracks and approaching angles of typhoon-generated waves. During the investigated events, boulders with a-axes of up to 8 m were clearly identified to have been shifted for up to 32 m, mostly along the seaward margin of the boulder field. It is, however, hard to keep track of smaller boulders, and the length of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation is often impossible to map with sufficient accuracy. Orthophotographs and digital surface models created through the application of an unmanned aerial vehicle and the ‘Structure from Motion’ technique provide ultra-high-resolution data, and have the potential to not only improve the results of satellite image analysis, but also those from field mapping and may significantly reduce overall time in the field. Orthophotographs permit unequivocal mapping of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation, while precise values for c-axes can be derived from the respective digital surface models. Volume of boulders is best inferred from boulder-specific Structure from Motion-based three-dimensional models. Battery power, flight speed and altitude determine the limits of the area covered, while patches shielded by the boulders are difficult to resolve. For some tasks, field mapping remains mandatory and cannot be replaced by currently available remote sensing tools: for example, sampling for rock type, density and age dating, recording of lithological separation of boulders from the underlying geological unit and of geomorphic features on a millimetre to decimetre-scale, or documentation of fine-grained sediment transport in between the boulders in supratidal settings. In terms of future events, the digital products presented here will provide a valuable reference to track boulder transport on a centimetre to decimetre-scale and to better understand the hydrodynamics of extreme-wave events on a fringing reef coastline.  相似文献   

Decadal link between longitudinal morphological changes in branching channels of Yangtze estuary and movement of the offshore depo-center     

Boyuan Zhu  Yao Yue  Alistair G.L. Borthwick  Wenjun Yu  Enhang Liang  Jinwu Tang  Yuanfang Chai  Yitian Li 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(11):2689-2705

In estuaries, the morphology of inland and offshore areas usually evolves synergistically. This study examines the decadal link between longitudinal changes in morphology of branching channels and movement of the offshore depo-center (where sediment deposition rate is maximum) of the Yangtze River estuary, under intense human interference. Integrated data analysis is provided on morphology, runoff discharge, and ebb partition ratio from 1950 to 2017. Channel-volume reductions and change rates between isobaths in branching channels reflect the impact of estuarine engineering projects. Ebb partition ratio and duration of discharge ≥ 60 000 m³ s^-1 act as proxies for the water excavating force in branching channels and runoff intensity. It is found that deposition occurs in the lower/upper sub-reaches (or further downstream/upstream channels) of the inland north/south branching channels, and the offshore depo-center moves southward or southeastward, as runoff intensity grows; the reverse occurs as runoff intensity declines. This is because the horizontal circumfluence in the Yangtze estuary rotates clockwise as ebb partition ratios of the north/south branching channels increase/decrease for increasing runoff, and conversely rotates anticlockwise for decreasing runoff. Land reclamation activities, the Deepwater Channel Project, and the Qingcaosha Reservoir have impacted greatly on longitudinal changes of morphology in the North Branch and the South Passage and on ebb partition ratio variations in the North/South Channel and the North/South Passage. Dam-induced runoff flattening has enhanced deposition in the upper/lower sub-reaches of the north/south branching channels and caused northward movement of the offshore depo-center, except in areas affected by estuarine engineering projects. Dam-induced longitudinal evolution of branching channel morphology and offshore depo-center movement will likely persist in the future, given the ongoing construction of large cascade dams in the upper Yangtze and the completion of major projects in the Yangtze estuary. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于岩体塑性位错理论的龙门山区域构造系统演化过程     

师皓宇  黄辅琼  马念杰  王永建  马骥  邹光华  彭瑞 《地质学报》2020,94(12):3581-3589

青藏高原对四川盆地的挤压作用导致了龙门山断裂带的形成及其山脉的隆起。本文以龙门山附近区域板块运动以及深部岩体力学特性为背景，采用FLAC3D软件模拟再现了时间跨度为700万年的龙门山区域构造系统演化过程。研究结果表明：在板块运动作用下，F1、F2和F3断层依次形成，贯通的断层对地表的抬升具有较强的控制作用，当断层贯通于地表后，龙门山及其以西的川西高原持续隆起，平均抬升速率约为138mm/yr，而龙门山断裂带以东的川西坳陷只有较小的抬升量，从而导致川西高原抬升8996 m, 致使该区域产生6000m左右的落差，模拟的地形特征与目前的龙门山地形地貌基本相似。依据模拟结果与实测资料，绘制了龙门山断裂带形成及其附近区域地形地貌的演化过程图，呈现了板块挤压、断层塑性位错、地表侵蚀和沉积作用等因素共同作用对地形地貌的塑造过程。  相似文献   

采坑型滑坡地质力学模式研究--以贵州省福泉滑坡为例     

王小明  史文兵  梁风  马文鹏 《防灾减灾学报》2020,(1):13-19

福泉滑坡具有顺倾上硬下软的结构特征,采用颗粒流离散元模拟采动滑坡的变形破坏全过程,研究福泉滑坡在露天开采条件下变形破坏的地质力学模式。基于颗粒流离散元程序,引入平行粘结模型,通过参数标定确定细观参数与宏观力学性质的关系,据此建立斜坡模型,模拟斜坡采动过程中的变形破坏全过程,确定该类采动滑坡形成的地质力学模式;研究滑坡滑动过程中的速度和能量变化以及堆积特征。研究表明:斜坡采动过程中,潜在滑面顺层滑移,后缘拉裂,裂纹从下往上向软弱面拓展,前缘坡脚处岩体形成锁固段,斜坡出现由前缘至后缘缘递减的蠕滑变形,随着斜坡进一步采动,锁固段发生剪切破坏,前缘坡体启动,中后部裂缝贯通—滑移,斜坡整体失稳破坏,形成牵引式采动滑坡,该类滑坡形成的地质力学模式可分为:滑移—拉裂—剪断3个阶段;对滑坡运动过程的模拟可知,采坑积水是小坝组受灾的关键转化因子。  相似文献   

Characteristics of boundary fault systems and its hydrocarbon controlling on hydrocarbon accumulation in Awati Sag,Tarim Basin,China     

《China Geology》2019,2(1):94-107

Based on the interpretation of two-dimensional seismic data, this paper analyzes the characteristics of three boundary fault systems including the Shajingzi fault, the Aqia fault and the Tumuxiuke fault around the Awati sag of the Tarim Basin, and studies its controlling on hydrocarbon accumulation. Neotectonic movement is ubiquitous in oil and gas bearing basins in China, such as Neogene intense activities of large boundary thrusting faults of the Awati sag: Shajingzi fault, Aqia fault and Tumuxiuke fault. Based on a large number of seismic data, it is showed that they have section wise characteristics in the direction of fault strike, and active periods and associated structures formed of different sections are different. Usually, large anticlinal structures are formed in the upper wall, and faulted anticline controlled by companion faults are formed in the bottom wall. Large faults cut the strata from Cambrian up to Neogene. For the anticline in the upper wall, fault activities caused by neotectonic movement played a destructive role in hydrocarbon accumulation, thus the preservation condition is critical for reservoir formation. In this sense, attention should be paid to formations in the upper walls of Aqia fault and Tumuxiuke fault under the Cambrian salt bed, whose plastic deformation could help to heal faults. Companion faults in the bottom wall cut down to the Cambrian and up to the Triassic serving as the pathway for hydrocarbon migration, and associated structures in the bottom wall are noteworthy exploration targets.©2019 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

The effect of storm movement on infiltration,runoff and soil erosion in a semi-arid catchment     

Qihua Ran  Feng Wang  Jihui Gao 《水文研究》2020,34(23):4526-4540

Rainfall characteristics are key factors influencing infiltration and runoff generation in catchment hydrology, particularly for arid and semiarid catchments. Although the effect of storm movement on rainfall-runoff processes has been evaluated and emphasized since the 1960s, the effect on the infiltration process has barely been considered. In this study, a physically based distributed hydrological model (InHM) was applied to a typical semi-arid catchment (Shejiagou, 4.26 km²) located in the Loess Plateau, China, to investigate the effect of storm movement on infiltration, runoff and soil erosion at the catchment scale. Simulations of 84 scenarios of storm movement were conducted, including storms moving across the catchment in both the upstream and downstream directions along the main channel, while in each direction considering four storm moving speeds, three rainfall depths and two storm ranges. The simulation results showed that, on both the hillslopes facing downstream (facing south) and in the main channel, the duration of the overland flow process under the upstream-moving storms was longer than that under the downstream-moving storms. Thus, the duration and volume of infiltration under upstream-moving storms were larger in these areas. For the Shejiagou catchment, as there are more hillslopes facing downstream, more infiltration occurred under the upstream-moving storms than the downstream-moving storms. Therefore, downstream-moving storms generated up to 69% larger total runoff and up to 351% more soil loss in the catchment than upstream-moving storms. The difference in infiltration between the storms moving upstream and downstream decreased as the storm moving speed increased. The relative difference in total runoff and sediment yield between the storms moving upstream and downstream decreased with increasing rainfall depth and storm speed. The results of this study revealed that the infiltration differences under moving storms largely influenced the total runoff and sediment yield at the catchment scale, which is of importance in runoff prediction and flood management. The infiltration differences may be a potential factor leading to different groundwater, vegetation cover and ecology conditions for the different sides of the hillslopes.  相似文献   

基于航空重、磁数据的南黄海海相地层分布特征识别     

佟晶  张婉  张玄杰  熊盛青 《中国地质调查》2020,7(5):95-106

基于南黄海海域实测高精度航空重、磁数据,结合航空重、磁场及物性特征,通过平均对数功率谱分析匹配滤波方法技术,对南黄海海相地层界面起伏引起的重、磁异常特征进行分离、提取,采用切线法和外奎尔法计算海相地层界面的深度,经地质和地球物理综合解释,编制了南黄海海相地层底界面、顶界面深度图及海相地层厚度图。在此基础上,初步划分了南黄海海相地层构造单元,探讨了南黄海海相地层的分布特征。苏北—南黄海坳陷区的中部坳陷和南部坳陷均发育在强磁性基底之上,构造变形较弱,海相地层保存完整,埋藏浅,厚度为4~8 km,是南黄海地区具有较大资源潜力的油气勘探区。  相似文献   

西昌市泸山地区典型火后泥石流特征与成因机制研究——以响水沟左岸3^#支沟为例     

铁永波  徐如阁  刘洪  王家柱  巴仁基  向安平  杨剑  欧阳渊  张玙  王宏 《中国地质调查》2020,7(3):82-88

2020年3月30日,四川省凉山州西昌市经久乡发生森林大火,山火燃烧后形成的山火灰和烧焦土体在强降雨作用下极易启动形成泥石流,给西昌市泸山、琼海景区生态环境及当地百姓生命财产安全带来潜在地质灾害风险。以西昌市安哈镇响水沟左岸3^#支沟为例,采用野外调查、无人机航拍、地球物理探测、现场及室内实验等手段,对2020年5月1日该沟发生的火后泥石流流体特征、动力学参数及成因机制等开展研究,系统分析了山火及降雨过程对该次火后泥石流形成的影响机制。该成果可为系统认识西昌泸山“3·30”山火地区火后泥石流的运动特征、物源规模、激发雨量及其发展趋势研判提供科学参考。  相似文献   

Seafloor Geomorphology and Processes on the Western Continental Margin of India based on Multibeam Acoustic Backscatter Data Analysis     

Sumanta Dandapath  Andrew Menezes  Bishwajit Chakraborty  John Kurian  Koppella N. Prudhvi Raju 《Marine Geodesy》2018,41(2):177-200

An assessment of the multibeam sonar data of the central Western Continental Margins of India has been carried out to evaluate the seafloor geomorphology and processes by examining the geomorphological attributes e.g., slope, sediments, structures, etc. associated with geomorphic features. The variation in relief and the features located in the region have been mapped and interpreted collectively by utilizing several geospatial mapping tools. The backscatter strength across the area, apparently congruent with the local relief, has helped to examine the sediment movement on the seafloor. The prominent features found in the region include faults, pockmarks, mounds, submarine terraces, and submerged fossil reefs. Several areas with varying topography engender comparable fractal dimension at short scale breaks, and the probability density functions (PDFs) utilizing backscatter data depicting overlapping classes. The present study highlights how fractals and scale break parameters can be utilized to determine the seafloor processes and associated sedimentological dynamics in a complex geographical environment with strong bottom currents, seasonal upwelling, and faulted structure. The role and impact of the various geomorphic processes on the reworking of sediment movement and the overall progression of the seafloor morphology has been revealed for the first time in this part of the ocean bottom.  相似文献