Characterization of sudden and sustained base flow jump hydrologic behaviour in the humid seasonal tropics of the Panama Canal Watershed     

Yanyan Cheng  Fred L. Ogden  Jianting Zhu 《水文研究》2020,34(3):569-582

Base flows are important for tropical regions with pronounced dry seasons, which are facing increasing water demands. Base flow generation, however, is one of the most challenging hydrological processes to characterize in the tropics. In many years during the May–December wet season in the Panama Canal Watershed (PCW), base flows in rivers abruptly increase. This increase persists until the start of the December–April dry season. Understanding this unusual base flow jump (BFJ) behaviour is critical to improve water provisioning in the seasonal tropics, especially during droughts and extended dry seasons. This study developed an integrated approach combining piecewise regression on cumulative average base flow and sensitivity analysis to calculate the timing and magnitude of BFJ. Rainfall, forest cover, mean land surface slope, catchment area, and estimated subsurface storage were tested as predictors for the occurrence and magnitude of the BFJs in seven subcatchments of the PCW. Sensitivity analysis on correlated predictors allowed ranking of predictor contributions due to isolated and cross-correlation effects. Correlations between observed BFJs and BFJs predicted by watershed and rainfall-related predictors were 0.92 and 0.65 for BFJ timing and magnitude, respectively. Forest cover was the second most significant predictor after cumulative rainfall for jump magnitude, owing to larger subsurface storage and groundwater recharge in forests than pastures. Catchments in the mountainous eastern PCW always generated larger jumps due to their higher rainfall and greater forest cover than the western PCW catchments. The cross-correlations between predictors contributed to more than 50% of the jump variances. The results demonstrate the importance of rainfall gradient and catchment characteristics in affecting the sudden and sustained BFJs, which can help inform land management decisions intended to enhance water supplies in the tropics. This study underscores the need for more research to further understand the hydrological processes involved in the BFJ phenomenon, including better BFJ models and field characterizations, to help improve tropical ecosystem services under a changing environment.  相似文献   

基于时相变化的晴空条件下Himawari-8 AHI火点检测     

鄢俊洁  瞿建华  冉茂农  张芳芳 《遥感学报》2020,24(5):571-577

Himawari-8静止气象卫星具有高空间分辨率、高观测频次和高时效特点,对于火点检测具有很强优势。对Himawari-8卫星的3.9μm和11.2μm两通道亮温进行了连续时相变化研究,得出两通道的亮温在时间上的变化差值稳定且规律明显。根据两通道的亮温时相特征,考虑白天可见光对3.9μm通道的影响,并结合火点产生时引起的亮温变化特征,提出了适用于晴空条件下改进的火点检测算法。在多处进行了此算法的实验,例如2018-11-27 T 16:40(UTC时)河北张家口市桥东区一化工厂附近发生的严重爆炸起火事件以及2019-02-28澳大利亚西南部发生的火灾事件,均快速有效的检测到了火点。实验表明,改进的火点检测算法能很好的进行火点检测,并能解决晨昏交界、冰雪下垫面、常规火源点、太阳耀光等火点检测的难题。  相似文献   

生物土壤结皮对风沙土和黄绵土膨胀特性的影响     

王国鹏  肖波  李胜龙  姚小萌  孙福海 《中国沙漠》2020,40(1):97-104

作为重要的土壤物理性质，膨胀性在影响土壤导水性、持水性、抗蚀性以及土壤结构的形成和发育等方面发挥着重要作用。为了探讨生物土壤结皮（BSCs）土壤的膨胀特性及其主要影响因素，针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土两种典型土壤，利用膨胀仪测定并比较了有、无藓结皮及其在不同因素（初始含水量、干湿循环、冻融循环、温度）下膨胀率的差异，分析了BSCs对土壤膨胀性的影响及其与环境因素和BSCs性质的关系。结果显示：风沙土上藓结皮的膨胀率为1.93%，较无结皮增加了8.65倍；而黄绵土上藓结皮的膨胀率为2.05%，与无结皮相比降低了76.68%。藓结皮的生物量和厚度与其膨胀率在风沙土上均呈线性正相关关系（P < 0.05），在黄绵土上分别呈二次函数（P=0.02）和线性正相关关系（P=0.02）。初始含水量同时影响了土壤最大膨胀率和稳定膨胀时间，影响程度风沙土远大于黄绵土（包括藓结皮和无结皮）；干湿循环次数对无结皮土壤膨胀率的影响程度大于藓结皮土壤，其中风沙土和黄绵土上无结皮的膨胀率分别是50.00%~620.00%和-2.28%~10.81%，而两种土壤上藓结皮的膨胀率分别是-5.70%~10.88%和-10.24%~-21.46%；冻融循环下4种土壤的膨胀率均有不同程度的降低，降幅为0~18.54%。黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率受温度影响程度较大，50℃下黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率分别是25℃和35℃下的1.17倍和1.21倍。BSCs显著地改变了风沙土和黄绵土表层的膨胀性，其影响的程度和方向取决于土壤类型。同时，BSCs的膨胀性受含水量、温度、干湿以及冻融循环等关键因素影响。  相似文献   

Simulations of the Impact of Lakes on Local and Regional Climate Over the Tibetan Plateau     

Lingjing Zhu  Xin Liu  Lei Tian  Qunhui Zhang 《大气与海洋》2018,56(4):230-239

ABSTRACT

Because of the high elevation and complex topography of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the role of lakes in the climate system over the Tibetan Plateau is not well understood. For this study, we investigated the impact of lake processes on local and regional climate using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which includes a one-dimensional physically based lake model. The first simulation with the WRF model was performed for the TP over the 2000–2010 period, and the second was carried out during the same period but with the lakes filled with nearby land-use types. Results with the lake simulation show that the model captures the spatial and temporal patterns of annual mean precipitation and temperature well over the TP. Through comparison of the two simulations, we found that the TP lakes mainly cool the near-surface air, inducing a decreasing sensible heat flux for the entire year. Meanwhile, stronger evaporation produced by the lakes is found in the fall. During the summer, the cooling effect of the lakes decreases precipitation in the surrounding area and generates anomalous circulation patterns. In conclusion, the TP lakes cool the near-surface atmosphere most of the time, weaken the sensible heat flux, and strengthen the latent heat flux, resulting in changes in mesoscale precipitation and regional-scale circulation.  相似文献   

Late Quaternary sea‐level change and evolution of Belfast Lough,Northern Ireland: new offshore evidence and implications for sea‐level reconstruction     

Ruth M. K. Plets  S. Louise Callard  J. Andrew G. Cooper  Joseph T. Kelley  Daniel F. Belknap  Robin J. Edwards  Antony J. Long  Rory J. Quinn  Derek W. T. Jackson 《第四纪科学杂志》2019,34(4-5):285-298

The interplay of eustatic and isostatic factors causes complex relative sea‐level (RSL) histories, particularly in paraglacial settings. In this context the past record of RSL is important in understanding ice‐sheet history, earth rheology and resulting glacio‐isostatic adjustment. Field data to develop sea‐level reconstructions are often limited to shallow depths and uncertainty exists as to the veracity of modelled sea‐level curves. We use seismic stratigraphy, 39 vibrocores and 26 radiocarbon dates to investigate the deglacial history of Belfast Lough, Northern Ireland, and reconstruct past RSL. A typical sequence of till, glacimarine and Holocene sediments is preserved. Two sea‐level lowstands (both max. ?40 m) are recorded at c. 13.5 and 11.5k cal a bp . Each is followed by a rapid transgression and subsequent periods of RSL stability. The first transgression coincides temporally with a late stage of Meltwater Pulse 1a and the RSL stability occurred between c. 13.0 and c. 12.2k cal a bp (Younger Dryas). The second still/slowstand occurred between c. 10.3 and c. 11.5k cal a bp . Our data provide constraints on the direction and timing of RSL change during deglaciation. Application of the Depth of Closure concept adds an error term to sea‐level reconstructions based on seismic stratigraphic reconstructions.  相似文献   

云南广南县老寨湾金矿地质特征及找矿标志     

高李阳  顾雄  吴小梅 《云南地质》2020,(1):71-75

广南县老寨湾金矿位于滇、黔、桂“金三角”重要成矿区带上,金矿体矿体呈似层状赋存于断层构造破碎带或层间构造破碎带中,构造控矿明显。矿体围岩均为下泥盆统坡松冲组第一段(D1ps1)硅化石英砂岩;矿床成因属中-低温热液叠加改造型金矿床,断层构造、硅化等矿化蚀变及地球化学异常是重要的找矿标志。  相似文献   

不同顶管组合方式的管幕冻结温度场模型试验   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

段寅  荣传新  程桦  蔡海兵  解德柱  丁杨龙 《冰川冻土》2020,42(2):479-490

拱北隧道作为港珠澳大桥珠海连接线的关键性工程， 在国内外首次成功运用了管幕冻结技术。以此为背景， 为更加全面地掌握饱和软土地层中管幕冻结温度场的分布特点， 开展了不同顶管组合方式下的管幕冻结温度场模型试验研究。试验结果表明： 各测点温度曲线在积极冻结期前4 h急剧下降， 随后逐渐减缓， 降至砂土冰点后趋于平稳， 三种布管方式均满足冻结设计要求； 冻结管中低温盐水提供的冷量首先传递给顶管管壁， 再以“面”的形式均匀地传递给周围土体； 积极冻结21 h后， 采用四根空顶管组合的C区冻结壁竖向范围最大， 空管管壁正上方冻结壁平均厚度约为105 mm， 在满足管幕刚度设计要求的前提下， 可采此布管方式以达到快速形成冻结帷幕的目的。限位管开启后的4 h内， 实顶管中线垂直距离100 mm范围内测点温度曲线虽有明显回升但仍维持在冻土冰点以下， 超出此范围后温度变化影响逐渐减弱， 且顶管间冻结壁稳定存在， 表明限位管在满足管间有效封水的条件下， 能在一定范围内起到定向限制地层冻胀的作用。优化后的双圆形冻结管在满足冻结设计要求的同时， 更加便于安装且经济环保。  相似文献   

CMD180T型钻机在尚义地热井施工中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

王雷浩  李光宏  石逊  殷邈 《探矿工程》2020,47(1):58-61

经物探分析在河北省张家口尚义县大青沟镇南海子村东南1.0 km存在深部断裂构造，为了寻找开发坝上地区地热资源，决定在该位置施工一口2000 m深地热井，即穿过该断裂构造寻找导水通道，完成地热井施工任务。施工中采用了CMD180T型钻机，该钻机采用了先进的全液压传动系统，自动化程度高，性能优异，可大大降低操作人员的劳动强度且易于搬迁、易于操作。其优势在这次地热井工程施工过程中得到了充分的体现。  相似文献   

金伯利岩型金刚石矿床研究及其成矿模式探讨——以辽宁瓦房店地区金刚石原生矿矿床为例     

刘礼广  吴大天  韩双  万方来  林少全  杨献忠 《地质学报》2020,94(9):2650-2665

辽宁南部瓦房店金刚石矿是国内最大的金刚石矿产区，现已发现4处金刚石成矿带、120个岩体。其中金伯利岩岩管24个、岩脉89个、可疑岩体7个，累计提交1221万克拉储量，占全国金刚石储量52%。本文主要对该矿床的金刚石母岩—金伯利岩的岩石地球化学特征进行了全面系统分析，发现金伯利岩中MgO、NiO、Cr 2O 3的含量与TiO 2、Al 2O 3、Na 2O、K 2O、CaO、P 2O 5等偏碱性组分呈正相关关系；Ni、Cr、Co含量与金刚石含量呈正相关，而Ti、Zr、Ba元素含量与金刚石含量呈负相关。通过对瓦房店矿区金刚石中石榴石及单斜辉石包裹体、橄榄石- 石榴石矿物对、石榴石微量元素、尖晶石- 橄榄石等多种地质温、压计归纳得出金刚石矿的来源深度为150~210 km,压力5~7 GPa，温度1083~1261℃，在上述温、压条件下，结合岩浆化学组成，估算金伯利岩具有低氧逸度(fO 2=2. 913×1. 01325×10-6Pa)的特点。结合野外勘查工作，总结了该矿床的地质特征、控矿构造、矿体空间分布规律等要素，认为NEE向和NE向断裂控制着金伯利岩体的展布方向和矿体形态。脉状金伯利岩体一般呈NEE 70°~80°方向展布，严格受NEE至近EW向的密集节理或裂隙控制。提出了金刚石母岩—金伯利岩是由源于上地幔岩浆，在一定的封闭条件下，受构造与岩性双重控制，多期性的爆发与侵入交替作用所形成，并建立了具有较高氧逸度和较高密度的流变性软流圈，通过渗滤熔体浸蚀岩石圈形成金刚石的理想成因模式，希望为下一步找矿工作提供参考。  相似文献   

Digital mapping of coastal boulders – high-resolution data acquisition to infer past and recent transport dynamics     

Fabian Boesl  Max Engel  Rodrigo C. Eco  JaN B. Galang  Lia A. Gonzalo  Francesca Llanes  Eva Quix  Helmut Brückner 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1393-1410

Coastal boulder fields provide clues to long-term frequency-magnitude patterns of coastal flooding events and have the potential to play an important role in coastal hazard assessment. Mapping boulders in the field is time and labour-intensive, and work on intertidal reef platforms, as in the present study, is physically challenging. By addressing coastal scientists who are not specialists in remote sensing, this contribution reports on the possibilities and limitations of digital applications in boulder mapping in Eastern Samar, Philippines, where recent supertyphoons Haiyan and Hagupit induced high waves, coastal flooding and boulder transport. It is demonstrated how satellite imagery of sub-metre resolution (from Pléiades and WorldView-3 imagery) enables efficient analysis of transport vectors and distances of larger boulders, reflecting variation in latitudes of both typhoon tracks and approaching angles of typhoon-generated waves. During the investigated events, boulders with a-axes of up to 8 m were clearly identified to have been shifted for up to 32 m, mostly along the seaward margin of the boulder field. It is, however, hard to keep track of smaller boulders, and the length of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation is often impossible to map with sufficient accuracy. Orthophotographs and digital surface models created through the application of an unmanned aerial vehicle and the ‘Structure from Motion’ technique provide ultra-high-resolution data, and have the potential to not only improve the results of satellite image analysis, but also those from field mapping and may significantly reduce overall time in the field. Orthophotographs permit unequivocal mapping of a-axes and b-axes including their orientation, while precise values for c-axes can be derived from the respective digital surface models. Volume of boulders is best inferred from boulder-specific Structure from Motion-based three-dimensional models. Battery power, flight speed and altitude determine the limits of the area covered, while patches shielded by the boulders are difficult to resolve. For some tasks, field mapping remains mandatory and cannot be replaced by currently available remote sensing tools: for example, sampling for rock type, density and age dating, recording of lithological separation of boulders from the underlying geological unit and of geomorphic features on a millimetre to decimetre-scale, or documentation of fine-grained sediment transport in between the boulders in supratidal settings. In terms of future events, the digital products presented here will provide a valuable reference to track boulder transport on a centimetre to decimetre-scale and to better understand the hydrodynamics of extreme-wave events on a fringing reef coastline.  相似文献