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1.
浅海和俯冲海沟等海域,不仅是矿产和油气资源主潜力区,也是构造地震频发区,其浅表热流和深部温度信息对于了解板块俯冲和岩浆活动等过程至关重要.这些区域浅层地温场和热流场受到底水温度波动(BTV)强烈扰动,其背景热流需由长期观测来获取.在全面分析了国内外海底热流长期观测技术特点后,我们提出了系缆式海底热流长期观测方案,2013年起陆续开展了部分核心技术的预研究及一系列海底、湖底及浅孔试验.结果表明:(1)自主研制的长周期低功耗微型测温单元,在2~36℃的环境下可连续观测1年;系缆式投放与回收方案即使在地形陡峭、1.5 kn流速及无动力定位等条件下仍然可行.(2)南海北部BTV总体随水深变浅而增强,在浅水区对浅层地温场扰动不可忽略.例如,在水深2600~3200 m和850~1200 m海域分别为0.025~0.053℃(17天内)、0.182~0.417℃(2天内),而台西南盆地北坡(水深763 m)夏季的海底热流由浅表的0.69 W·m-2转变为0.83 m以深的-0.25~-0.05 W·m-2.(3)兴伊措和湖光岩玛珥湖BTV向深部传导过程中其幅度逐渐减弱、相位滞后,进而导致热流方向与强度随季节发生变化.而康定中谷浅层(7 m内)地温在不同深度处同步波动,且冬高(35~36℃)夏低(28~32℃).推测为夏季大量降雨所致;其热流浅部低(0.504 W·m-2)深部高(0.901 W·m-2),指示着鲜水河断裂带深部热流体上涌.这些预研究工作为后续系缆式海底热流长期观测系统的正式研制与应用奠定了扎实基础.  相似文献   
2.
采用目前国家干旱监测业务实行的MCI指数,利用Morlet小波、经验正交函数(EOF)等方法,分析了福建省1961—2019年全省66个气象站MCI指数表征的干湿状况和干旱变化特征。结果表明:福建省存在明显的干湿气候特征,具有显著的6—8 a和22 a的周期振荡,内陆山区干湿变化周期比沿海长,在季节尺度上各季均存在多时间尺度和地域差异化的特点;其空间变化具有3种典型模态,反映了季风降水多寡和地形差异。MCI表征的干旱过程时空分布与历史干旱事件相吻合,秋季和冬季是福建省干旱发生频率最高的季节,春季和夏季是干旱强度最强的季节;闽江口以南沿海地区干旱发生率明显高于内陆地区,全省出现同步干旱的机率较小(12%)。  相似文献   
3.
To investigate the seismic response of a pile group during liquefaction, shaking table tests on a 1/25 scale model of a 2 × 2 pile group were conducted, which were pilot tests of a test project of a scale-model offshore wind turbine with jacket foundation. A large laminar shear box was utilized as the soil container to prepare a liquefiable sandy ground specimen. The pile group model comprising four slender aluminum piles with their pile heads connected by a rigid frame was designed with similitude considerations focusing on soil–pile interaction. The input motions were 2-Hz sinusoids with various acceleration amplitudes. The excess pore water pressure generation indicated that the upper half of the ground specimen reached initial liquefaction under the 50-gal-amplitude excitation, whereas in the 75-gal-amplitude test, almost entire ground was liquefied. Accelerations in soil, on the movable frames composing the laminar boundary of the shear box, and along the pile showed limited difference at the same elevation before liquefaction. After liquefaction, the soil and the movable-frame accelerations that represented the ground response considerably reduced, whereas both the movable frames and the piles exhibited high-frequency jitters other than 2-Hz sinusoid, and meantime, remarkable phase difference between the responses of the pile group and the ground was observed, all probably due to the substantial degradation of liquefied soil. Axial strains along the pile implied its double-curvature bending behavior, and the accordingly calculated moment declined significantly after liquefaction. These observations demonstrated the interaction between soil and piles during liquefaction.  相似文献   
4.
Multiple ridges across prograding coasts may display variable geometries, commonly expressed through varying elevations. Changes in ridge elevation have been traditionally related to the occurrence of fluctuating progradation rates, which might, in turn, be driven by shifting environmental conditions. Here, we explore the geometry and growth mechanisms of multiple ridges, generated at Barreta Island (Ria Formosa, southern Portugal), as a consequence of the rapid progradation of the island over the last 70 years, following the artificial fixation of the downdrift Faro-Olhão inlet with jetties in 1955. The variability in the morphology of these features was analysed in combination with available wind and wave data, in order to better distinguish growth mechanisms and understand the main parameters determining the final geometry of the observed ridges. The results suggest that (1) most of the identified ridges fall in the beach ridge classification, as they have been mostly built by marine processes, and (2) the parameters derived from, or closely related to wave climate variability (e.g. progradation rates, storm occurrence) can jointly explain most of the observed morphological changes, while aeolian processes played a secondary role. Indeed, ridge geometry appears mainly controlled by progradation rates, with higher ridges associated with lower progradation rates. Progradation rate, in turn, is mostly related to longshore wave power, storminess, and the occurrence storm groups. Yet, the final configuration of ridges can also be affected by runup levels and onshore winds. Therefore, establishing the relation between ridge geometry and wave climate is not a straightforward task, because of the complex processes and interactions that control coastal morphodynamics. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
5.
Most studies have the achieved rapid and accurate determination of soil organic carbon (SOC) using laboratory spectroscopy; however, it remains difficult to map the spatial distribution of SOC. To predict and map SOC at a regional scale, we obtained fourteen hyperspectral images from the Gaofen-5 (GF-5) satellite and decomposed and reconstructed the original reflectance (OR) and the first derivative reflectance (FDR) using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) at different scales. At these different scales, as inputs, we selected the 3 optimal bands with the highest weight coefficient using principal component analysis and chose the normalized difference index (NDI), ratio index (RI) and difference index (DI) with the strongest correlation with the SOC content using a contour map method. These inputs were then used to build regional-scale SOC prediction models using random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and back-propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithms. The results indicated that: 1) at a low decomposition scale, DWT can effectively eliminate the noise in satellite hyperspectral data, and the FDR combined with DWT can improve the SOC prediction accuracy significantly; 2) the method of selecting inputs using principal component analysis and a contour map can eliminate the redundancy of hyperspectral data while retaining the physical meaning of the inputs. For the model with the highest prediction accuracy, the inputs were all derived from the wavelength range of SOC variations; 3) the differences in prediction accuracy among the different prediction models are small; and 4) the SOC prediction accuracy using hyperspectral satellite data is greatly improved compared with that of previous SOC prediction studies using multispectral satellite data. This study provides a highly robust and accurate method for predicting and mapping regional SOC contents.  相似文献   
6.
Antarctic polynyas play an important role in regional atmosphere?ice?ocean interactions and are considered to help generate the global deep ocean conveyer belt.Polynyas therefore have a potential impact on the Earth’s climate in terms of the production of sea ice and high-salinity shelf water.In this study,we investigated the relationship between the area of the Terra Nova Bay polynya and the air temperature as well as the eastward and northward wind based on the ERA5 and ERAInterim reanalysis datasets and observations from automatic weather stations during the polar night.We examined the correlation between each factor and the polynya area under different temperature conditions.Previous studies have focused more on the effect of winds on the polynya,but the relationship between air temperature and the polynya area has not been fully investigated.Our study shows,eliminating the influence of winds,lower air temperature has a stronger positive correlation with the polynya area.The results show that the relationship between the polynya area and air temperature is more likely to be interactively influenced.As temperature drops,the relationship of the polynya area with air temperature becomes closer with increasing correlation coefficients.In the low temperature conditions,the correlation coefficients of the polynya area with air temperature are above 0.5,larger than that with the wind speed.  相似文献   
7.
风廓线雷达在重污染天气与逆温层关系研究中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文利用气象要素地面观测和环境空气质量监测数据,结合对流层风廓线雷达探测资料,深入研究了2013—2019年发生在青岛地区的65个重污染天气的逆温层变化特征及其与重污染天气的关系。结果表明:(1)青岛地区的重污染天气主要发生在12月至次年1月,重污染发生当日的空气质量指数(Air quality iudex AQI)有“双峰”结构的日变化特征;(2)逆温层早于重污染天气出现,当逆温层高度降低且强度增强,或逆温层高度维持较低、强度维持较强而厚度增厚时,重污染持续或加强;当逆温层高度升高、强度减弱或厚度变薄时,重污染减弱或消散;(3)根据热成风原理,利用风廓线雷达资料可以提前3~7 h预测当地重污染天气的发生,从根本上弥补了常规探空资料低时间分辨率的不足。本文首次将风廓线雷达资料用于分析逆温层变化,而不是平流输送作用,这不仅增加了一个判断影响AQI变化气象条件的新手段,也为今后进一步研究逆温层与重污染天气之间的关系增加了一个有效的新途径,对精准预判某地重污染天气发生的具体时间节点有重要的参考意义和业务应用价值。  相似文献   
8.
再分析风场数据至今已发展了约30年,目前人们使用区域乃至全球网格化再分析数据集愈加频繁,但风场再分析数据在强天气过程中的强度明显不足,将风场再分析数据同台风观测数据相融合是解决问题的重要途径,本文通过“构建经验台风圆形风场-叠加台风移行风场-流入角修正-叠加背景再分析风场”的基本思路,融合了西太平洋联合警报中心的所有台风观测数据,形成了一套1981—2016年再分析和台风观测相结合的风场数据集。本文选取近十年在中国南海登陆的6例台风,通过与气象观测站数据对比,发现这六例台风相较于再分析数据都有10%以上的误差减小,本工作对于东中国海及南海等台风多发区域风能资源评估的整体提升可达4%,单点风能平均提高55 W/m^2。最后,通过海洋动力数值试验验证高风速下的水位模拟误差可以减少至工程标准的10%以内。综上,本文认为合成风场有助于海洋灾害和风能资源的评估和研究。  相似文献   
9.
2018年1月大气环流和天气分析   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
刘超  江琪  桂海林 《气象》2018,44(4):590-596
2018年1月大气环流主要特征为:北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,环流呈四波型,东亚槽略偏强。1月,全国平均降水量19.6 mm,较常年同期(13.2 mm)偏多48.4%。1月冷空气势力明显加强,全国平均气温(-5.3℃)由较常年偏高转为偏低的状态,气温较常年同期(-5.0℃)偏低0.3℃。月内,降水偏多偏强,我国南方地区以及陕西关中等地出现较为少见的冰冻雨雪天气,与2008年出现的南方雪灾情况相似;1月仅有1次雾-霾天气过程,但2018年1月13—22日是2017年入冬以来范围最广、持续时间最长、强度最强的雾-霾天气过程。  相似文献   
10.
基于MODE对模式预报强风风场的检验分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
陈笑  赵东  何晓凤  沈历都  申双和  宋丽莉  刘善峰 《气象》2018,44(8):1009-1019
基于专业气象服务领域十分关注的模式强风预报性能的客观检验和致灾性强风预警服务效果的合理性判别问题,利用一次强风过程对电网专业气象预警服务效果的检验示范,探讨基于目标(面向对象)的诊断检验方法(Method for ObjectBased Diagnostic Evaluation,MODE)对强风事件检验的适用性。通过对强风空间检验的各个关键参数的选择确定、匹配分析,发现:(1)MODE检验的卷积半径、诊断量权重和匹配阈值等参数的选择,将影响检验目标的适度聚焦和误差表达的客观性,因此需要综合考虑预报和实况场的水平分辨率、用户对该类强天气预报误差的空间和时间冗余度等;(2)MODE检验可较好地量化给出模式预报的整体效果,包括:强风落区的范围大小和位置偏差、强风过程的时间相位差等,从而可量化判别出模式在各个时刻的空报和漏报区域以及对强风过程移动速度和生命周期长度的预报性能。  相似文献   
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