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1.
中国泛华北地区冷季高架对流特征气候统计分析   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
刘洲洋  俞小鼎  王秀明  周小刚 《气象》2018,44(2):258-267
本文利用常规地面、高空、区域自动站观测资料、灾害性强对流天气监测记录资料以及NCEP分析数据,对2000—2015年泛华北地区(32.5°~53.5°N、105°~135°E)冷季(除6、7、8月以外)高架对流时空分布特征、锋面环境特征以及不稳定机制进行统计分析。研究发现,泛华北地区冷季高架对流多发生于河南中北部、山东西部及河北中南部。从季节分布来看,2和11月是冷季高架对流发生最多的月份,呈"双峰型"分布特征。冷锋是引发泛华北地区冷季高架对流的主要锋面系统,约占高架对流事件总数的60%。高架对流发生时常伴随有较强的冷垫及锋面逆温,有超过半数的高架对流发生在温差超过6℃的逆温层之上。逆温层顶高多位于850hPa之上甚至能达到700hPa。高架对流发生时多伴随有20~30m·s~(-1)的0~6km强垂直风切变,这一强斜压特征有利于条件对称不稳定及其导致的高架倾斜对流的发生。经过分类与统计发现,条件对称不稳定和弱条件稳定度或近湿中性大气层结下的锋生强迫引发的较强上升运动是造成华北冷季高架对流的主要不稳定机制。  相似文献   
2.
利用平面照相法,以江苏南热发电有限责任公司#Q2号烟囱为研究对象,进行了500次拍摄,通过风向风速、云量、太阳高度角等气象数据,确定了不同稳定度下南京北郊大气扩散参数的特征。与P-G扩散曲线对比发现,在强不稳定A、弱不稳定C、中性D层结中,南京北郊的大气垂直扩散参数在距离排放源200 m范围内更不稳定,而在200—1000 m范围内更稳定。其中,不稳定B层结的扩散曲线与P-G扩散曲线一致,较稳定E、稳定F层结出现于白天的频率很低。对比垂直扩散参数幂函数表达式σ_z=γx~α的系数值γ和α,本研究中α值分别比国家标准增加了28. 6%(A层结)、56. 4%(C层结)、30. 4%(D层结),而B层结的α值却比国家标准减少了22. 9%。此外,通过高斯扩散公式计算得到SO_2和NO_X扩散到观测点的浓度,发现该计算值仅占气象楼污染气体监测平台实测SO_2和NO_X浓度的0. 82%和0. 69%。结合风场发现,SO_2和NO_X实测值受观测点东部工业污染物排放的叠加效应影响较大。其中,NO_X的实测值在受到偏东风和偏南风的影响时具有较大值,且在0. 5~1. 5 m·s~(-1)的较弱风速影响时,NO_X的实测值将达到60μg·m~(-3)以上。  相似文献   
3.
利用ERA-Interim及雨量和土壤水分观测资料,对比诊断了2011年5—6月长江中下游梅汛前极旱期急转为梅汛期洪涝的极端天气事件的对流条件(水汽、不稳定、抬升作用)差异及特征,并研究条件性湿位涡垂直通量(CMF)指数与暴雨之间的定量关系。结果表明:在极旱期,干冷的东北气流控制,西太平洋副热带高压偏东,低层水汽通量弱且以偏北风输送为主,中低层为下沉气流,无低空急流,等θse线稀疏,边界层抬升机制缺乏,是干旱加剧的主要因子;在梅汛期,西南气流增强,西太平洋副热带高压西伸,低层气流在长江地区辐合,低层水汽通量增加且转为西南和东南风输送为主,伴随高低空急流耦合和深厚的上升运动,等θse线密集形成梅雨锋,增强不稳定暖湿空气强迫抬升和垂直输送,造成暴雨频发,引起区域性洪涝。暴雨中心600 hPa以下为负湿位涡的不稳定层,对流不稳定与条件性对称不稳定共同作用是强降水发生的不稳定机制。CMF指数与旱涝变化、暴雨过程演变非常一致,在极旱(梅汛)期,CMF指数低(高),变化平缓(剧烈),CMF指数在暴雨开始时逐步剧增,结束时迅速减小。   相似文献   
4.
《Sedimentology》2018,65(6):1973-2002
Dolomitization is commonly associated with crustal‐scale faults, but tectonic rejuvenation, diagenetic overprinting and a fluid and Mg mass‐imbalance often makes it difficult to determine the dolomitization mechanism. This study considers differential dolomitization of the Eocene Thebes Formation on the Hammam Faraun Fault block, Gulf of Suez, which has undergone a simple history of burial and exhumation as a result of rifting. Stratabound dolostone bodies occur selectively within remobilized sediments (debrites and turbidites) in the lower Thebes Formation and extend into the footwall of, and for up to 2 km away from, the Hammam Faraun Fault. They are offset by the north–south trending Gebel fault, which was active during the earliest phases of rifting, suggesting that dolomitization occurred between rift initiation (26 Ma) and rift climax (15 Ma). Geochemical data suggest that dolomitization occurred from evaporated (ca 1·43 concentration) seawater at less than ca 80°C. Geothermal convection is interpreted to have occurred as seawater was drawn down surface‐breaching faults into the Nubian sandstone aquifer, convected and discharged into the lower Thebes Formation via the Hammam Faraun Fault. Assuming a ca 10 Myr window for dolomitization, a horizontal velocity of ca 0·7 m year−1 into the Thebes Formation is calculated, with fluid flux and reactivity likely to have been facilitated by fracturing. Although fluids were at least marginally hydrothermal, stratabound dolostone bodies do not contain saddle dolomite and there is no evidence of hydrobrecciation. This highlights how misleading dolostone textures can be as a proxy for the genesis and spatial distribution of such bodies in the subsurface. Overall, this study provides an excellent example of how fluid flux may occur during the earliest phases of rifting, and the importance of crustal‐scale faults on fluid flow from the onset of their growth. Furthermore, this article presents a mechanism for dolomitization from seawater that has none of the inherent mass balance problems of classical, conceptual models of hydrothermal dolomitization.  相似文献   
5.
利用常规观测资料分析2009-2011年天津地区33次局地暴雨天气过程的影响系统。对局地暴雨天气发生前的大气环境物理参数进行统计,对比不同影响系统下预报着眼点的差异。结果表明:天津局地暴雨主要发生在蒙古冷涡、东北冷涡、高空槽前以及高空槽后四种天气系统的影响下。蒙古冷涡系统下应以整层良好的水汽和涡旋系统东南象限深厚的辐合上升运动为着眼点;而东北冷涡系统下则需关注低层水汽条件充沛和中层强烈的辐合抬升;高空槽系统下在动力、水汽以及能量条件配合较为均衡;而槽后型系统影响下若发生局地暴雨,各种强对流参数特征则最为显著。在此基础上,通过典型局地暴雨过程对强降水落区进行诊断表明,天津构造加密探空由于充分考虑了近地面的温湿风特征,计算所得的可降水量、对流有效位能以及地面至3km高度的垂直风切变对局地暴雨落区具有良好的指示性。同时,个例研究也表明TJ-WRF对局地暴雨天气过程有较好的预报能力,综合应用模式物理量结果能较好地预报局地暴雨落区。  相似文献   
6.
The self-similar multiplicative theory(SSM theory), aims to interpret the scaling behavior of the temperature structure function. In the present paper, the author report results from a numerical simulation of atmospheric turbulent convection in order to verify this theory. The simulation was based on a shell model which was deduced from simplified atmospheric convection equations. The numerical results agreed well with the theory prediction of scaling law from the first order to the eighth order. They also showed that the prediction of this theory was better than that given by the Kolmogorov's theory in 1941, log-normal, and β model theories.  相似文献   
7.
The features of 30-60-day convection oscillations over the subtropical western North Pacific (WNP) were investigated, along with the degree of tropical-subtropical linkage between the oscillations over the WNP during summer 1998. It was found that 30-60-day oscillations were extremely strong in that summer over both the subtropical and tro]~ical WNP, providing a unique opportunity to study the behavior of subtropical oscillations and their relationship to tropical oscillations. Further analyses indicated that 30-60-day oscillations propagate westwards over the subtropical WNP and reach eastern China. In addition, 30-60-day oscillations in the subtropics are affected by those over the South China Sea (SCS) and tropical WNP through two mechanisms: (1) direct propagation from the tropics into the subtropics; and (2) a seesaw pattern between the tropics and subtropics, with the latter being predominant.  相似文献   
8.
朱涛  马小溪 《地学前缘》2021,28(2):284-295
在已有模型的基础上,考虑岩石圈厚度和软流层横向黏度的变化,本文建立了更接近地球实际情形的地幔对流模型,然后重新推测了导致云南地区剪切波各向异性的软流层源的深度。结果表明:岩石圈厚度和软流层横向黏度变化对云南地区的软流层各向异性源的深度及软流层的变形程度和机制具有重要影响;软流层各向异性对云南西南部区域、东部区域北纬26°N以南和四川盆地及其西缘的剪切波分裂具有明显的贡献,它们分别位于90~180、170~330和200~320 km深度;在云南西南部区域和东部区域北纬26°N以南,导致剪切波分裂的软流层可能处于大剪切变形状态,主要受地幔流动方向/流动平面模式控制,而四川盆地及其西缘的则处于小剪切变形状态,主要受应变模式的控制。  相似文献   
9.
This work provides a comprehensive physically based framework for the interpretation of the north Australian rainfall stable isotope record (δ18O and δ2H). Until now, interpretations mainly relied on statistical relationships between rainfall amount and isotopic values on monthly timescales. Here, we use multiseason daily rainfall stable isotope and high resolution (10 min) ground‐based C‐band polarimetric radar data and show that the five weather types (monsoon regimes) that constitute the Australian wet season each have a characteristic isotope ratio. The data suggest that this is not only due to changes in regional rainfall amount during these regimes but, more importantly, is due to different rain and cloud types that are associated with the large scale circulation regimes. Negative (positive) isotope anomalies occurred when stratiform rainfall fractions were large (small) and the horizontal extent of raining areas were largest (smallest). Intense, yet isolated, convective conditions were associated with enriched isotope values whereas more depleted isotope values were observed when convection was widespread but less intense. This means that isotopic proxy records may record the frequency of which these typical wet season regimes occur. Positive anomalies in paleoclimatic records are most likely associated with periods where continental convection dominates and convection is sea‐breeze forced. Negative anomalies may be interpreted as periods when the monsoon trough is active, convection is of the oceanic type, less electric, and stratiform areas are wide spread. This connection between variability of rainfall isotope anomalies and the intrinsic properties of convection and its large‐scale environment has important implications for all fields of research that use rainfall stable isotopes.  相似文献   
10.
综述国内外数篇论文,从强对流天气监测、预报预警、模式同化3个方面总结分析了近年来地面稠密观测资料的应用与优劣之处。综述表明:地面加密自动站、风廓线雷达、地基GPS、雨滴谱仪等多种观测仪器组成的地面稠密观测网具有时间尺度密集、覆盖面积广泛、能捕捉较多细微变化的优势,通过该观测网所得数据总结出的一系列指示性指标在强对流监测预警中具有重要的指示意义。但因中国地形天气情况复杂多变、数据缺失、仪器造价昂贵等问题,导致该观测网所得指示性指标不能适用于中国全境,应根据该观测网数据分析总结适应本地的预报指标。  相似文献   
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