Exploring the stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales in a typical subtropical deciduous forest     

Haixia Zhang  Congsheng Fu  Aimin Liao  Can Zhang  Jiufu Liu  Niu Wang  Bin He 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14091

Numerous efforts have been made to understand stemflow dynamics under different types of vegetation at the inter-event scale, but few studies have explored the stemflow characteristics and corresponding influencing factors at the intra-event scale. An in-depth investigation of the inter- and intra-event dynamics of stemflow is important for understanding the ecohydrological processes in forest ecosystems. In this study, stemflow volume (F_V), stemflow funnelling ratio (F_R), and stemflow ratio (F_%) from Quercus acutissima and Broussonetia papyrifera trees were measured at both inter- and intra-event scales in a subtropical deciduous forest, and the driving factors, including tree species and meteorological factors were further explored. Specifically, the F_V, F_R and F_% of Q. acutissima (52.3 L, 47.2, 9.6%) were lower than those of B. papyrifera (85.1 L, 91.2, 12.4%). The effect of tree species on F_V and F_% was more obvious under low intensity rainfall types. At the inter-event scale, F_V had a strong positive linear correlation with rainfall amount (G_P) and event duration (D_E) for both tree species, whereas F_R and F_% had a positive logarithmic correlation with G_P and D_E only under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type. F_R and F_% were mainly affected by wind speed and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity under low-intensity, long-duration rainfall type. At the intra-event scale, for both tree species, the mean lag time between the start of rainfall and stemflow was the shortest under high-intensity, short-duration rainfall type, while the mean duration and amount of stemflow after rain cessation were the greatest under high-amount, long-duration rainfall type. The relationship between stemflow intensity and rainfall intensity at the 5-min interval scale also depended greatly on rainfall type. These findings can help clarify stemflow dynamics and driving factors at both inter- and intra-event scales, and also provide abundant data and parameters for ecohydrological simulations in subtropical forests.  相似文献   

科尔沁湿草甸参考作物蒸散发模拟分析     

李霞  刘廷玺  段利民  王冠丽  童新  周亚军  杨晓君 《中国沙漠》2020,40(2):134-143

为探明气候变化下干旱半干旱地区湿草甸参考作物蒸散发(ET₀)影响因子,使用FAO 56 P-M模型对科尔沁湿草甸ET₀进行模拟,利用涡度相关系统对模型的适用性进行评价,并通过通径分析及指标敏感性分析对ET₀的影响因子进行辨识。结果表明:(1)小时尺度模拟精度最高,日尺度次之,月尺度较差,小时尺度上晴、阴、雨3种天气条件下模拟效果不同,晴天最优,阴雨天较差。(2)ET₀年内变化呈单峰曲线状,生长季明显高于非生长季,集中在3—10月,占全年89.79%。生长季典型晴天ET₀逐小时分布特征遵循倒“U”单峰型变化规律。(3)通径分析结果显示,对ET₀的通径系数以及对回归方程估测可靠程度E的总贡献均表现为VPD(饱和水汽压差) > T_min(最低气温) > R_n(冠层表面净辐射)>u₂(2 m高度风速),即VPD为影响ET₀最重要的因子;指标敏感性分析中,在去除VPD后引起的E变化最大,说明ET₀对VPD的变化最为敏感,其次为u₂、T_min和R_n。  相似文献   

Pedestrian network generation based on crowdsourced tracking data     

Xue Yang  Chang Ren  Yang Chen  Zhong Xie  Qingquan Li 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(5):1051-1074

ABSTRACT

Pedestrian networks play an important role in various applications, such as pedestrian navigation services and mobility modeling. This paper presents a novel method to extract pedestrian networks from crowdsourced tracking data based on a two-layer framework. This framework includes a walking pattern classification layer and a pedestrian network generation layer. In the first layer, we propose a multi-scale fractal dimension (MFD) algorithm in order to recognize the two different types of walking patterns: walking with a clear destination (WCD) or walking without a clear destination (WOCD). In the second layer, we generate the pedestrian network by combining the pedestrian regions and pedestrian paths. The pedestrian regions are extracted based on a modified connected component analysis (CCA) algorithm from the WOCD traces. We generate the pedestrian paths using a kernel density estimation (KDE)-based point clustering algorithm from the WCD traces. The pedestrian network generation results using two actual crowdsourced datasets show that the proposed method has good performance in both geometrical correctness and topological correctness.  相似文献   

多重加密格网内插法坐标转换   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李旺民  李秀龙  王东阁  马德富  陈文相  刘亚楠 《测绘通报》2020,(10):118-122

我国CGCS2000坐标系启用后，各地均面临着大批量、多类型、多坐标系成果数据坐标转换的需求，而国家大地坐标系、地心坐标系及独立坐标系之间的转换参数属于绝密级别，保密要求高，因此给实际应用带来了困难。顾及与参数法坐标转换成果的一致性及数据的安全要求，本文提出了多重加密格网内插坐标转换方法，研制了适用于多种数据格式的二/三维格网坐标转换软件，并将该算法应用于CORS服务，通过实例验证了该方法的可靠性与实用性。  相似文献   

A Review of Radar- and Satellite-based Observational Studies and Nowcasting Techniques on Convection Initiation     

Yipeng Huang  Wanbiao Li  Yuchun Zhao  Lanqiang Bai 《地球科学进展》2019,34(12):1273-1287

Convection often produces severe weather which causes a great loss to human lives and properties. Precisely predicting the convection initiation process is crucial but challenging in operational convection nowcasting (0~2 h forecasting). Before the radar-defined CI occurring (e.g., the first occurrence of ≥35 dBZ echoes), observations at high spatial and temporal resolutions from weather radars and geostationary meteorological satellites can reveal precursor information such as the boundary-layer convergence lines and the rapid growth of newborn cumulus clouds. These radar- and satellite-observed precursor information are helpful for evaluating the pre-CI conditions and thus nowcasting the accurate CI timing and location. This paper reviewed the current status of radar- and satellite-based CI research and nowcasting techniques. The milestone works and the following studies in the last four decades were summarized to demonstrate how radar and satellite observations can be related to CI occurrence. The objectives and approaches of the CI research advance as the improvement in the capability of radars and were explained satellites. The research progress aids in the development of various CI nowcasting techniques. This paper introduced three well-established techniques that have been put into operational application, namely, ANC system, SATCAST algorithm, and UWCI algorithm. Some scientific issues with respect to radar- and satellite-based CI research and nowcasting were also presented.  相似文献   

Integration of remote sensing,county-level census,and machine learning for century-long regional cropland distribution data reconstruction     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV) was home to about ten million hectare bottomland hardwood (BLH) forests in the Southern U.S. It experienced over 80 % area loss of the BLH forests in the past centuries and large-scale afforestation in recent decades. Due to the lack of a high-resolution cropland dataset, impacts of land use change (LUC) on the LMAV ecosystem services have not been fully understood. In this study, we developed a novel framework by integrating the machine learning algorithm, county-level agricultural census, and satellite-based cropland products to reconstruct the LMAV cropland distribution during 1850–2018 at a 30-m resolution. Results showed that the LMAV cropland area increased from 0.78 × 10⁴ km² in 1850 to 6.64 × 10⁴ km² in 1980 and then decreased to 6.16 × 10⁴ km² in 2018. Cropland expansion rate was the largest in the 1960s (749 km² yr⁻¹) but decreased rapidly thereafter, whereas cropland abandonment rate increased substantially in recent decades with the largest rate of 514 km² yr⁻¹ in the 2010s. Our dataset has three notable features: (1) the depiction of fine spatial details, (2) the integration of the county-level census, and (3) the inclusion of a machine-learning algorithm trained by satellite-based land cover product. Most importantly, our dataset well captured the continuous increasing trend in cropland area from 1930–1960, which was misrepresented by other cropland datasets reconstructed from the state-level census. Our dataset would be important to accurately evaluate the impacts of historical deforestation and recent afforestation efforts on regional ecosystem services, attribute the observed hydrological changes to anthropogenic and natural driving factors, and investigate how the socioeconomic factors control regional LUC pattern. Our framework and dataset are crucial to developing managerial and policy strategies for conserving natural resources and enhancing ecosystem services in the LMAV.  相似文献   

基于参与式制图方法的景观服务评估与空间结构研究     

朱亚茹  高峻  邴振华  张中浩  付晶 《地球信息科学学报》2020,22(5):1106-1119

景观服务评估核心是人与环境之间复杂的动态关系,基于利益相关者的参与式制图方法是建立景观服务分类体系和量化指标的有效途径。本文采用参与式制图方法,以九寨沟自然保护区为例,根据景观服务分类研究成果,并结合九寨沟自然资源特点和景观服务使用者半结构式访谈数据,提出了适用于九寨沟的景观服务指标体系。本研究方法以管理局工作人员、居民和游客等服务使用者作为参与式调研对象,分别就其需求和景观服务感知程度进行半结构式访谈,并利用GIS技术将数据空间位置和功能属性结合,得到九寨沟有3大类景观服务和17个相关指标,以及737个景观服务点。通过研究结果可知,当地村落建筑与众多景观服务指标（包括观鸟场所、野营旅游、民俗与节庆等13个指标）具有极强的空间关联性。同时,景观服务使用者感知的景观价值在空间上属于聚集分布形式,主要围绕着开放生态旅游的3条沟谷分布,并向外围扩散。其中景观服务的“高—高”空间聚集区主要分布在沟口等与人类需求密切联系的区域,而景观服务的“低—低”空间聚集区则主要分布在原始森林等与人类居住、活动相距较远的区域。综上,基于参与式制图方法建立的景观服务分类和空间分析,发现九寨沟景观服务的空间位置与使用者紧密相关,其景观价值的空间结构特征是服务使用者与环境长期互动的结果,该结果可以用来引导并进一步优化九寨沟的功能分区规划。  相似文献   

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘地温变化特征及其影响因子     

罗凤敏  高君亮  辛智鸣  郝玉光  王丽娜  李帅 《中国沙漠》2019,39(1):179-186

基于内蒙古磴口荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站监测数据，分析2014年1—12月不同土层的地温数据及同期气象数据，进而阐明乌兰布和沙漠东北缘地温变化特征。结果表明：（1）乌兰布和沙漠地温及气温具有显著的日变化特征，气温最高值与最低值出现时刻相对巴丹吉林沙漠提前2 h，相对东部地区滞后1 h；地温与气温季节变化特征一致，各季节地温最值出现时刻相对气温滞后1 h；（2）地温变化速率随着土壤深度的增加而减小，在土壤深度达到70 cm以后，地温全年在0℃以上；低于0℃的5 cm地温持续时间约为4个月；（3）地温与空气温度、太阳辐射变化趋势一致，地温相对太阳辐射及气温明显滞后。相关分析与逐步回归表明，对地温变化起决定作用的环境因子为空气温度、蒸发量、太阳总辐射、风速、空气相对湿度、降水。  相似文献   

Using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis as weather input data for watershed models   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

Daniel R. Fuka  M. Todd Walter  Charlotte MacAlister  Arthur T. Degaetano  Tammo S. Steenhuis  Zachary M. Easton 《水文研究》2014,28(22):5613-5623

Obtaining representative meteorological data for watershed‐scale hydrological modelling can be difficult and time consuming. Land‐based weather stations do not always adequately represent the weather occurring over a watershed, because they can be far from the watershed of interest and can have gaps in their data series, or recent data are not available. This study presents a method for using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) global meteorological dataset to obtain historical weather data and demonstrates the application to modelling five watersheds representing different hydroclimate regimes. CFSR data are available globally for each hour since 1979 at a 38‐km resolution. Results show that utilizing the CFSR precipitation and temperature data to force a watershed model provides stream discharge simulations that are as good as or better than models forced using traditional weather gauging stations, especially when stations are more than 10 km from the watershed. These results further demonstrate that adding CFSR data to the suite of watershed modelling tools provides new opportunities for meeting the challenges of modelling un‐gauged watersheds and advancing real‐time hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Ecosystem engineering by hummock-building earthworms in seasonal wetlands of eastern South Africa: Insights into the mechanics of biomorphodynamic feedbacks in wetland ecosystems     

Michael C. Grenfell  Rolf Aalto  Suzanne E. Grenfell  William N. Ellery 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(1):354-366

This paper resolves the origin of clay hummock micro-topography in seasonal wetlands of the Drakensberg Foothills, providing a review and appraisal of previously-suggested mechanisms of hummock formation in the context of new field and laboratory data. Field surveys revealed neo-formation of clay hummocks in a river channel that had been abandoned in c.1984. Fresh earthworm castings were located atop hummocks protruding from inundated abandoned channel margins. Earthworm castings, and sediment cores taken in hummocks and adjacent hollows, were analysed for soil-adsorbed carbon and nitrogen using an HCN analyser, and for ²¹⁰Pb activity using alpha-geochronology. ²¹⁰Pb activity profiles suggest relative enrichment of the isotope in hummocks, and relative depletion in adjacent hollows. Earthworm castings are characterised by very high ²¹⁰Pb activity, as well as high C and N contents. Hummocks have significantly higher C and N contents than adjacent hollows. Results suggest that it is the foraging activity of earthworms in litter-rich seasonal wetland hollows, and repeated excretion of castings atop adjacent hummocks, that is responsible for the elemental enrichment observed. The paper presents a conceptual model of hummock formation in wetlands through interactions between hydrogeomorphology and earthworm activity, and illustrates a mechanism of biogeomorphic inheritance through which ordered patterns of preferential flow can emerge in ecosystems. Further implications of hummock formation and nodal accumulation of nutrients are considered in relation to wetland resilience and regulatory ecosystem service provision.© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献