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1.
Biological soil crust, or biocrust communities, are the dominating life form in many extreme habitats, such as arid and semiarid badlands, where water scarcity and highly erodible substrates limit vegetation cover. While climate, soil and biotic factors have been described as environmental filters influencing biocrust distribution in such biomes, little is known about the effect of terrain attributes on creating specific microhabitats that promote or restrict biocrust colonization. This study aimed to identify the main terrain attributes controlling biocrust distribution in the driest badland system in Europe, the Tabernas Badlands (SE Spain). To do this, we analysed the influence of different terrain attributes related to landscape stability and microclimate formation on the spatial distribution of lichen and cyanobacteria, using field measurements and topographical information from a LiDAR survey. Our results showed that the spatial distribution of cyanobacteria-dominated biocrusts, which are physiologically and morphologically adapted to extreme drought and high UVA radiation, was mostly associated with areas of high potential incoming solar radiation. The exception was bare south-aspect hillslopes with very high sediment transport potential, where bare physically crusted soils were the dominant ground cover. Lichen-dominated biocrusts, in contrast, colonized near the top of north-aspect hillslopes, characterized by low potential incoming solar radiation and potential evapotranspiration, and their cover decreased downstream, as conditions became good enough for vascular plants. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
2.
以矮秆代表作物冬小麦为研究对象,利用郑州农业气象试验站2010年10月15日—2011年6月2日农田小气候观测的各层裸温、气温、总辐射和覆盖度资料,采用对比差值、温度垂直梯度等方法统计分析,并对温度对比差值和总辐射曝辐量相关关系和温度的垂直梯度分布特征进行了研究,结果表明:25cm、150cm和300cm高度的日平均裸温和气温变化趋势基本一致,其对比差值呈由小变大趋势;各层裸温和气温的日分布符合温度日变化分布的一般规律,垂直梯度变化比较明显;各层对比差值呈单峰分布,峰值出现在正午12时左右;裸温和气温的对比差值与总辐射曝辐量呈线性相关。裸温与气温的垂直梯度变化有很好的一致性,可利用裸温不同层次间垂直梯度变化特征确定气温传感器合理的安装高度;根据麦田裸温垂直梯度变化特征,考虑到温度防辐射罩高度限制,矮秆作物田间小气候气温应在距离地表面25cm、50cm和150cm高度附近分别设置观测层次。  相似文献   
3.
Abstract

The saguaro cactus, an icon of the American southwestern desert, defines the extent of the Sonoran Desert through portions of its range. Saguaros rely upon nurse plants for establishment and survival in the harsh temperature and moisture regime of the desert. Freezing temperatures limit the range of the saguaro to the north in Arizona. However, nurse plants extend the range of saguaros by providing more moderate conditions beneath their canopies. This study focuses on precisely these small, highly localized temperature variations, which, we suggest, are linked to regional-scale patterns of distribution of the species, particularly in marginal, cold-limited locales.

We sampled 291 saguaros over thirty populations in Arizona, in the northern portion of their range. Saguaros establish under the south side of their nurse's canopy in the coldest parts of their range more often than expected, while a significant distributional bias is not observed in those in warmer, more moderate plots. To further investigate air temperature as a possible factor in the directional bias of saguaro establishment, we collected microclimate data under the north and south sides of the canopies of two common nurse plants, Cercidium microphyllum (a tree) and Ambrosia deltoidea (a shrub) in Phoenix, Arizona. South sides of nurses have significantly higher minimum temperatures than do the north sides. Survivorship in the coldest areas appears to be greatest under the south side of a nurse's canopy, where warmer wintertime microclimatic conditions occur. We suggest that within-canopy microclimatic variability under a single nurse plant may be reflected in regional distributional and in the survivorship patterns of saguaros throughout Arizona.  相似文献   
4.
J. A. Leach  R. D. Moore 《水文研究》2010,24(17):2369-2381
Stream temperature and riparian microclimate were characterized for a 1·5 km wildfire‐disturbed reach of Fishtrap Creek, located north of Kamloops, British Columbia. A deterministic net radiation model was developed using hemispherical canopy images coupled with on‐site microclimate measurements. Modelled net radiation agreed reasonably with measured net radiation. Air temperature and humidity measured at two locations above the stream, separated by 900 m, were generally similar, whereas wind speed was poorly correlated between the two sites. Modelled net radiation varied considerably along the reach, and measurements at a single location did not provide a reliable estimate of the modelled reach average. During summer, net radiation dominated the surface heat exchanges, particularly because the sensible and latent heat fluxes were normally of opposite sign and thus tended to cancel each other. All surface heat fluxes shifted to negative values in autumn and were of similar magnitude through winter. In March, net radiation became positive, but heat gains were cancelled by sensible and latent heat fluxes, which remained negative. A modelling exercise using three canopy cover scenarios (current, simulated pre‐wildfire and simulated complete vegetation removal) showed that net radiation under the standing dead trees was double that modelled for the pre‐fire canopy cover. However, post‐disturbance standing dead trees reduce daytime net radiation reaching the stream surface by one‐third compared with complete vegetation removal. The results of this study have highlighted the need to account for reach‐scale spatial variability of energy exchange processes, especially net radiation, when modelling stream energy budgets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
5.
城市建筑格局对小气候的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文以南京农业大学实验楼独特的建筑格局所形成的局部小区域为研究对象,测量了其内、外的日最高气温、日最低气温和平均气温,测定结果表明,由于实验楼的特殊建筑格局,在晴好天气实验楼内外草坪的最低气温相差4℃以上,而阴雨天温差比较小,一般在2℃以下。当西北方冷空气来临时,内外草坪温差迅速上升,并大于-4℃。正是因为这一点,使得实验楼外部草坪的最低气温低于桔树临界低温-4℃时,内部草坪温度仍旧在-4℃以上,正是因为这一点使得原来在南京不能正常生长结果的桔树在实验楼内生长非常好,也就是说小气候足以使植物物种的分布发生改变。从四个不同时间段的平均温差来看,中午14时实验楼内外温差为最高为1.7℃,夜间2时和早晨8时次之,为1.3℃,20时温差最小为0.9℃。本文的目的在于强调现代城市建筑格局对于小气候不可忽视的影响,以期引起人们对此的关注,作者对城市建筑小气候的合理利用提出了几点思考。  相似文献   
6.
塔里木河下游胡杨气体交换特性及其环境解释   总被引:18,自引:9,他引:9  
 结合塔里木河下游不同地下水埋深下胡杨的气体交换参数及其环境因子的实测结果,探讨地下水位及环境因子对胡杨光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)等气体交换参数的影响规律。研究表明:随着地下水位下降,胡杨净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化最大值提前,地下水埋深越深,净光合速率“双峰”曲线趋势越明显,地下水位4.37 m以上时,蒸腾速率呈“双峰”曲线,当地下水位下降到5.91 m时,蒸腾速率呈“单峰”曲线;低地下水埋深下,光合作用受抑制的主要原因是气孔限制;随着地下水位下降,光合抑制的主要原因则是非气孔限制;适度水分胁迫有利于提高胡杨水分利用效率\.同时,结果显示: 4 m为胡杨的合理生态水位,地下水位为4~5 m时,胡杨受到轻度水分胁迫,低于6 m,胡杨受水分胁迫加剧。  相似文献   
7.
宁夏南部山区天然草场不同植被覆盖度的小气候特征比较   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用不同季节小气候加密观测和小气候常规观测资料,通过分析西吉月亮山禁牧草场和鸦儿湾荒地近地层气温、地温、风速、相对湿度等要素的差异和日变化特征,探讨了不同下垫面下小气候变化的趋势。结果表明:封山禁牧后,下垫面随之变化,会产生所谓的“绿岛效应”,尤其在植被生长旺盛的夏季,气温明显下降,空气湿度增大。说明封山禁牧这一措施对脆弱生态的恢复改造有明显的效果。  相似文献   
8.
黑河下游绿洲地表辐射平衡及小气候特征分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用额济纳绿洲2004年5~10月微气象站观测资料,分析了该地区地表能量平衡及小气候特征.结果表明:在绿洲内太阳总辐射、光合有效辐射、净辐射有明显的季节变化及日变化,日峰值及月总量在7月份达到最高.地表能量平衡季节变化显著,5、8、9、10月份,地面能量交换基本以感热通量为主,Bowen比值在日间>4;6、7月份,潜热蒸发是能量平衡的主要部分,Bowen比基本<1.5~10月土壤热通量值始终较小,约占净辐射的15%~20%.绿洲内近地层风速基本在0~5 m.s-1之间,夜间风速变化很小,日间风速较大.随着土壤深度的增加,土壤温度变化趋势越来越缓慢,地表温度波动变化最大,而在40 cm深处土壤温度日变化很小.  相似文献   
9.
Estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in urban areas is challenging but essential in arid urban climates. To evaluate ET0 in an urban environment and non-urban areas, air temperature and relative humidity were measured at five different sites across the arid city of Isfahan, Iran, over 4 years. Wind speed and sunshine hours were obtained from an urban surrounding weather station over the same period and used to estimate ET0. Calculated ET0 was compared with satellite-based ET0 retrieved from the MOD16A2 PET product. Although MODIS PET was strongly correlated with the Valiantzas equation, it overestimated ET0 and showed average accuracy (r = 0.93–0.94, RMSE = 1.18–1.28 mm/day, MBE = 0.73–0.84 mm/day). The highest ET0 differences between an urban green space and a non-urban area were 1.1 and 0.87 mm/day, which were estimated by ground measurements and MODIS PET, respectively. The sensitivity of ET0 to wind speed and sunshine hours indicated a significant effect on cumulative ET0 at urban sites compared to the non-urban site, which has a considerable impact on the amount of irrigation required in those areas. Although MODIS PET requires improvement to accurately reflect field level microclimate conditions affecting ET0, it is beneficial to hydrological applications and water resource managers especially in areas where data is limited. In addition, our results indicated that using limited data methods or meteorological data from regional weather stations, leads to incorrect estimation of ET0 in urban areas. Therefore, decision-makers and urban planners should consider the importance of precisely estimating ET0 to optimize management of urban green space irrigation, especially in arid and semi-arid climates such as the city of Isfahan.  相似文献   
10.
城市中水体的微气候效应研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
李书严  轩春怡  李伟 《大气科学》2008,32(3):552-560
应用观测资料分析和数值模拟的方法来研究城市中水体的微气候效应, 结果表明, 城市中的水体对其周边的小气候有着明显的调节作用。城市中商业区温度最高、湿度最小; 交通区次之; 水体附近温度最低、湿度最大, 平均湿度比商业区高出约10%。水体区的月平均温度日较差比其他功能区明显大。水体区的月平均温度比其他功能区低0.37~1.15℃。水体对环境的影响主要发生在上风岸2 km以内和下风岸9 km以内, 以2.5 km以内最为明显。水体的面积和布局是影响小气候效应的重要因素。水体面积越大对环境影响越大, 单块的小于0.25 km2的水体对环境的影响不明显, 但是多块、密集分布的小面积水体会对环境的降温增湿效果更显著。在本文个例中, 与其他湖泊邻近的面积为1.25 km2的水体, 可以使2.5 km之内温差达到0.2~1.0℃, 水汽比湿增加0.1~0.7 g/kg。相对孤立的面积为2 km2的水体, 可以使1.0 km范围内降温幅度0.6℃, 水汽比湿增加0.1~0.4 g/kg。水体可以使地面风速增加, 一般能使风速增加0.1~0.2 m/s。  相似文献   
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