2018年斐济M_W8.2深震:高频辐射过程和发生原因          下载免费PDF全文

张喆  许力生  杜海林 《地球物理学报》2019,62(11):4279-4289

2018年8月19日，在斐济东部海域563 km深处发生了一次M_W8.2地震.我们首先挑选位于美国阿拉斯加地区的131个宽频带台站构成台阵，选用垂直分量0.5~2 Hz的高频信号，利用广义台阵反投影技术对这次地震的破裂过程进行了成像，然后基于破裂速度对地震的辐射效率进行了估计.结果表明，这次地震总体上呈单侧破裂，破裂方位在3.0°左右，破裂总长度约51 km，持续时间22 s，平均破裂速度为2.5 km·s^-1.但能量释放有2次高峰，形成两次子事件.第一次为前10 s，峰值在7 s左右，破裂速度为2.9 km·s^-1，辐射效率为45%.第二次为10~22 s，峰值在15 s左右，破裂速度为1.6 km·s^-1，辐射效率为26%.结合震源位置、震源机制、破裂速度以及辐射效率，我们认为这次地震是由于俯冲板块前缘受到下部地幔物质上浮阻力引起的剪切失稳所致，起初板块内部的脆性破裂表现突出，致使辐射效率较高，后来震源处高温高压下的熔融耗散特征逐渐凸现，致使辐射效率下降.  相似文献   

A model‐based data‐driven dictionary learning for seismic data representation          下载免费PDF全文

Can Evren Yarman  Rajiv Kumar  James Rickett 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(1):98-123

Planar waves events recorded in a seismic array can be represented as lines in the Fourier domain. However, in the real world, seismic events usually have curvature or amplitude variability, which means that their Fourier transforms are no longer strictly linear but rather occupy conic regions of the Fourier domain that are narrow at low frequencies but broaden at high frequencies where the effect of curvature becomes more pronounced. One can consider these regions as localised “signal cones”. In this work, we consider a space–time variable signal cone to model the seismic data. The variability of the signal cone is obtained through scaling, slanting, and translation of the kernel for cone‐limited (C‐limited) functions (functions whose Fourier transform lives within a cone) or C‐Gaussian function (a multivariate function whose Fourier transform decays exponentially with respect to slowness and frequency), which constitutes our dictionary. We find a discrete number of scaling, slanting, and translation parameters from a continuum by optimally matching the data. This is a non‐linear optimisation problem, which we address by a fixed‐point method that utilises a variable projection method with ?₁ constraints on the linear parameters and bound constraints on the non‐linear parameters. We observe that slow decay and oscillatory behaviour of the kernel for C‐limited functions constitute bottlenecks for the optimisation problem, which we partially overcome by the C‐Gaussian function. We demonstrate our method through an interpolation example. We present the interpolation result using the estimated parameters obtained from the proposed method and compare it with those obtained using sparsity‐promoting curvelet decomposition, matching pursuit Fourier interpolation, and sparsity‐promoting plane‐wave decomposition methods.  相似文献   

不同法截面子午线椭球衔接的研究及应用          下载免费PDF全文

李复才  姚德新 《全球定位系统》2020,45(1):88-92

为了满足高速铁路线路控制网的投影长度变形值不大于10 mm／km的要求,将长线工程线路分成多段并建立各自的法截面子午线椭球．针对相邻法截面子午线椭球的衔接问题,提出交点法线重合的方法,实现椭球变换之后交点位置的一致性,解决线路的衔接问题,从而大大加强法截面子午线椭球理论在工程线路弯曲性、复杂性及长度的适用性．   相似文献   

基于投影变换的线阵旋转扫描相机标定方法     

苏琳  巫兆聪  闫钊  王鹏 《测绘通报》2019,(4):96-98,102

针对线阵旋转扫描相机标定数据难以获取及模型解算不稳定的问题，提出了一种基于投影变换的线阵旋转扫描相机标定方法。首先构建了一种新的线阵旋转扫描相机成像模型，该模型可以根据相机旋转平台参数、线阵旋转扫描相机成像平面与其切平面的位置关系将旋转扫描图像投影为框幅式图像；然后根据构建出的成像模型，采用直接线性变换法和非线性优化方法进行相机标定和参数优化。试验结果表明，此方法简单易行，具有较高的精度。  相似文献   

An alternative approach for computing seismic response with accidental eccentricity     

Xuanhua Fan  Jiacong Yin  Shuli Sun  Pu Chen 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,13(3):401-410

Accidental eccentricity is a non-standard assumption for seismic design of tall buildings. Taking it into consideration requires reanalysis of seismic resistance, which requires either time consuming computation of natural vibration of eccentric structures or finding a static displacement solution by applying an approximated equivalent torsional moment for each eccentric case. This study proposes an alternative modal response spectrum analysis(MRSA) approach to calculate seismic responses with accidental eccentricity. The proposed approach, called the Rayleigh Ritz Projection-MRSA(RRP-MRSA), is developed based on MRSA and two strategies:(a) a RRP method to obtain a fast calculation of approximate modes of eccentric structures; and(b) an approach to assemble mass matrices of eccentric structures. The efficiency of RRP-MRSA is tested via engineering examples and compared with the standard MRSA(ST-MRSA) and one approximate method, i.e., the equivalent torsional moment hybrid MRSA(ETM-MRSA). Numerical results show that RRP-MRSA not only achieves almost the same precision as ST-MRSA, and is much better than ETM-MRSA, but is also more economical. Thus, RRP-MRSA can be in place of current accidental eccentricity computations in seismic design.  相似文献   

最近十多年来冰冻圈加速萎缩——IPCC第六次评估报告之冰冻圈变化解读     

钟歆玥  康世昌  郭万钦  吴晓东  陈金雷 《冰川冻土》2021,44(3):946-953

政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）于2021年8月发布了第六次评估报告第一工作组报告《气候变化2021：自然科学基础》。该报告基于最新的观测和模拟研究,评估了冰冻圈变化的现状,并采用CMIP6模式对未来变化进行了预估。报告明确指出,近十多年来冰冻圈呈现加速萎缩状态：北极海冰面积显著减小、厚度减薄、冰量迅速减少;格陵兰冰盖、南极冰盖和全球山地冰川物质亏损加剧;多年冻土温度升高、活动层增厚,海底多年冻土范围减少;北半球积雪范围也在明显变小,但积雪量有较大空间差异。冰冻圈的快速萎缩加速海平面的上升。未来人类活动对冰冻圈萎缩的影响将愈加显著,从而导致北极海冰面积继续减少乃至消失,冰盖和冰川物质将持续亏损,多年冻土和积雪的范围继续缩减。报告也提出,目前冰冻圈研究仍存在观测资料稀缺、模型对各影响因素的敏感性参数和过程描述亟需提升、对吸光性杂质的变化机制认知不足等问题,从而影响了对冰冻圈变化预估的准确性,未来需要重点关注。  相似文献   

未来东北地区农业气候资源的时空演变特征     

侯依玲  许瀚卿  王涛  田展  赵春雨 《气象科技》2019,47(1):154-162

研究采用NorESM1-M模式输出的气候情景资料驱动农业生态区模型,分析了21世纪中期在RCP 2.6和RCP8.5典型浓度路径下的东北区域气候资源变化。研究表明:在RCP2.6、RCP8.5两种气候变化情景下,东北区域年平均气温呈现升高趋势,≥10℃积温所反映的热量条件得到显著改善,以黑龙江省和辽中南积温的增加最为明显;受气温升高影响,2050s参考作物蒸散普遍增加。区域内降水总量略有增加,东北西部干旱地区状况略有改善,东部地区更加湿润;趋于暖湿的气候促使作物生长季延长,到21世纪中期,全区最长增加12.4天。  相似文献   

CMIP5多模式集合对江苏省气候变化模拟评估及情景预估     

赵亮  刘健  靳春寒 《气象科学》2019,39(6):739-746

利用中国气象局所属的2 400余个台站观测资料制作的分辨率为0.25°×0.25°数据集中的气温、降水量资料评估了CMIP5中17个模式对于1961—2004年江苏省气温和降水量空间分布特征的模拟能力,筛选出了5个对江苏省气候特征模拟较好的模式。之后基于5个优选模式集合平均的结果预估了3种典型浓度路径(Representative Concentration Pathways,RCPs)下江苏省2006—2100年的气温和降水量变化趋势。结果表明:(1)全球耦合气候模式对江苏省的气温和降水量空间分布特征具有一定的模拟能力,并且模式集合平均的气温和降水量与观测资料的空间相关系数分别为0.85和0.93;(2)在低浓度路径(RCP2.6)、中浓度路径(RCP4.5)和高浓度路径(RCP8.5)3种温室气体排放情景下,江苏省2006—2100年的地表温度均呈现明显的增温趋势,并且苏北的增温幅度要高于苏南;(3)3种温室气体排放情景下,江苏省未来百年降水量均呈现出北方增多南方减少的趋势;(4)未来百年江苏省降水量随气温变化的趋势并不稳定,RCP2.6和RCP4.5情景下降水量随气温的升高而增加,而RCP8.5情景下降水量随气温的增加而减少。  相似文献   

基于全球及区域气候模式的江苏省降水变化趋势预估          下载免费PDF全文

李熠  买苗 《大气科学学报》2019,42(3):447-458

利用气象观测资料,8个全球耦合气候系统模式的集合平均以及区域气候模式(RegCM4)的结果,通过方差分析、相关分析、趋势分析、扰动法等方法对模式性能进行了评估,并对江苏省在未来RCP8.5高端排放情景下降水的变化趋势进行了预估。结果表明,在RCP8.5情景下,至2020、2030和2050年,全球模式模拟的江苏省年平均降水在未来有逐渐增加的趋势,线性增加率约为7 mm/(10 a)。至2050年,江苏省年平均降水量将增加2%左右;区域模式模拟的年平均降水在未来线性增加率为1.5 mm/(10 a),变化不显著。区域模式模拟的夏季降水在未来有所增加,最多可增加20%～30%,但增幅随时间逐渐减小;全球模式模拟的夏季降水比现在有所减少,至2050年,减少了大约10%。区域模式模拟的冬季降水在未来不同时间段均比现在有所减少,同现在相比,最多可减少30%～40%;而全球模式模拟的冬季降水在未来则是先减少,后增加,至2050年,比现在大约增加10%。对于不同季节,总体而言,南部地区降水量的变化较北部地区显著。对于极端降水事件来说,江苏省未来小雨日数将减少,而暴雨日数则微弱增加。但由于全球模式本身的性能、区域模式对全球模式的依赖性以及温室气体排放的不确定性使上述预估结果仍具有不确定性。  相似文献   

Potential impact of future climate change on crop yield in northeastern China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mengzi Zhou  Huijun Wang 《大气科学进展》2015,32(7):889-897

We evaluated the potential impact of future climate change on spring maize and single-crop rice in northeastern China(NEC) by employing climate and crop models. Based on historical data, diurnal temperature change exhibited a distinct negative relationship with maize yield, whereas minimum temperature correlated positively to rice yield. Corresponding to the evaluated climate change derived from coupled climate models included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 scenario(RCP4.5), the projected maize yield changes for three future periods [2010–39(period 1), 2040–69(period 2), and 2070–99(period 3)] relative to the mean yield in the baseline period(1976–2005) were 2.92%, 3.11% and 2.63%, respectively. By contrast, the evaluated rice yields showed slightly larger increases of 7.19%, 12.39%, and 14.83%, respectively. The uncertainties in the crop response are discussed by considering the uncertainties obtained from both the climate and the crop models. The range of impact of the uncertainty became markedly wider when integrating these two sources of uncertainty. The probabilistic assessments of the evaluated change showed maize yield to be relatively stable from period 1 to period 3, while the rice yield showed an increasing trend over time. The results presented in this paper suggest a tendency of the yields of maize and rice in NEC to increase(but with great uncertainty) against the background of global warming, which may offer some valuable guidance to government policymakers.  相似文献