Seasonal connections between meteoric water and streamflow generation along a mountain headwater stream     

Sam J. Leuthold  Stephanie A. Ewing  Robert A. Payn  Florence R. Miller  Stephan G. Custer 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14029

In snowmelt-driven mountain watersheds, the hydrologic connectivity between meteoric waters and stream flow generation varies strongly with the season, reflecting variable connection to soil and groundwater storage within the watershed. This variable connectivity regulates how streamflow generation mechanisms transform the seasonal and elevational variation in oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O and δD) of meteoric precipitation. Thus, water isotopes in stream flow can signal immediate connectivity or more prolonged mixing, especially in high-relief mountainous catchments. We characterized δ¹⁸O and δD values in stream water along an elevational gradient in a mountain headwater catchment in southwestern Montana. Stream water isotopic compositions related most strongly to elevation between February and March, exhibiting higher δ¹⁸O and δD values with decreasing elevation. These elevational isotopic lapse rates likely reflect increased connection between stream flow and proximal snow-derived water sources heavily subject to elevational isotopic effects. These patterns disappeared during summer sampling, when consistently lower δ¹⁸O and δD values of stream water reflected contributions from snowmelt or colder rainfall, despite much higher δ¹⁸O and δD values expected in warmer seasonal rainfall. The consistently low isotopic values and absence of a trend with elevation during summer suggest lower connectivity between summer precipitation and stream flow generation as a consequence of drier soils and greater transpiration. As further evidence of intermittent seasonal connectivity between the stream and adjacent groundwaters, we observed a late-winter flush of nitrate into the stream at higher elevations, consistent with increased connection to accumulating mineralized nitrogen in riparian wetlands. This pattern was distinct from mid-summer patterns of nitrate loading at lower elevations that suggested heightened human recreational activity along the stream corridor. These observations provide insights linking stream flow generation and seasonal water storage in high elevation mountainous watersheds. Greater understanding of the connections between surface water, soil water and groundwater in these environments will help predict how the quality and quantity of mountain runoff will respond to changing climate and allow better informed water management decisions.  相似文献   

黄土洞室掘进深度与围岩位移变化规律研究     

时卫民  王鹏  赵尚毅 《岩土工程技术》2020,(2):70-75

应用PLAXIS 2D/3D有限元分析软件,对某黄土洞室进行了二维、三维分步掘进、三维一次掘进等工况的弹塑性有限元分析,研究分析了不同工况下洞室围岩位移的变化规律,并对掌子面的空间效应进行了分析。分析结果表明,二维与三维分步计算的最终位移基本一致,可以用二维的计算结果来估算洞室开挖的最终位移。三维分步掘进的分析表明,不同埋深的洞室其位移比的变化规律基本一致,当L/B<1时(L为掘进深度,B为洞室跨度),位移比呈线性增加;当L/B>1时,位移比呈非线性增加;当L/B>3时,其最大位移接近最终位移。掌子面的空间效应分析表明,在掌子面处的位移约为最终位移的1/3,距掌子面0.5倍跨度处的位移约为最终位移的2/3,距掌子面2.5倍跨度处的位移基本达到了最终位移。  相似文献   

基于能量原理的粘滞阻尼器附加阻尼系数分配方法研究          下载免费PDF全文

王子龙  任文杰  杨新磊  陈博文 《世界地震工程》2020,(3):027-37

以线性粘滞阻尼器加固剪切型规则框架结构为研究对象，基于能量原理提出附加阻尼系数正比于层间位移平方的分配方式。以六层和十二层钢筋混凝土框架为例，以确保结构在中震时保持弹性状态为设计目标，分别采用附加阻尼系数正比于层间位移平方的分配方式以及现有的分配方式，对结构进行消能减震设计。计算结果表明:有控结构均满足中震不坏的要求，层间位移角限值均未超过1/550，减震效果良好；附加阻尼系数正比于层间位移平方的分配方式得出的总阻尼系数最小，为最经济的设计结果。  相似文献   

花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的SHPB试验研究     

刘新宇  张先伟  岳好真  孔令伟  徐超 《岩土力学》2020,41(6):2001-2008

为研究花岗岩残积土的动态冲击性能，开展了高速冲击下的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验，与常规应变率下的试验结果比较，分析了高应变率对花岗岩残积土的应力?应变特性和强度的影响。结果表明：低、高应变率下的花岗岩残积土的?-?a（轴向应力?轴向应变）曲线均呈现出软化型。随着应变率 增加，?-?a曲线向?a增大的方向移动，破坏应变?af增加。但高应变率下?af增加的程度更加明显。花岗岩残积土的峰值强度普遍具有应变率依赖性，二者可用直线关系拟合，但低、高应变率下的拟合关系并不一致。提出了率敏性因子m定量评价依赖性强弱。研究发现，随着应变率的提高，强度的应变率依赖性减弱，低应变率下的m为26.694，而高应变率下仅为0.013。相关试验结果指出，高速冲击荷载对土体总体有害。工程中应该采取合理措施控制冲击荷载的危害。该研究有助于深化花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的理解，为相关工程的施工与设计提供技术参考。  相似文献   

Study on multiple induced polarization parameters in groundwater exploration in Bashang poverty alleviation area of Heibei Province,China          下载免费PDF全文

LIU Zhi-yuan  TAN Ding  CHEN Zhi-bin  WEI Yun-fei  CHAI Quan  CHEN Xiao-hang 《地下水科学与工程》2020,8(3):274-280

The study examines a water exploration and poverty alleviation project in Guyuan county. The study analyzes correlations between aquifers and multiple induced polarization (IP) parameters, including resistivity, polarizability, deviation, half decay time, water-bearing factors, and Kc, a new parameter refined in this study. Based on the study, the well was placed accurately, and its maximum water inflow reached 30 m³/h. Kc value highlights the rate of change at early stages of IP secondary field. Kc value served as a quick indicator in this groundwater prospecting and is validated in practice. Progress has been made in finding new parameters in exploring water with IP method. Thanks to the project, local people have access to water and poverty alleviation has scored some achievements.  相似文献   

湍流度随高度的变化及其对城市宏观地形的依赖     

李大全  孙武  欧阳睿康  黄盛  高梦媛  李庆祥  黄启明 《热带地理》2019,39(3):365-376

分别构建广州主建成区垂直比例尺为1﹕2 000、1﹕1 000和1﹕500的3个建筑物模型，利用大型边界层风洞，在西北和东南两风向下，基于中性流模拟分析了复杂城市地形下湍流度随高度的变化及其对宏观地形的依赖。结果表明：风廓线指数α与不同高度的湍流度之间的关系密切，利用现有模型，根据4类粗糙度边界层和不同垂直比例尺，可确定相应的湍流度随高度变化模型的主要系数，预测精度高。城市地形下最大湍流度面发育在0~0.2 h之间狭窄的范围内。用湍流度形态指数β来表征湍流度随高度的变化，无论城市屋脊还是平坦地形，随着风程区的延伸，廓线的指数α升高，湍流度形态指数β降低。表明同一高度湍流度值具有由迎风区、丘顶区向背风区增高，沿风程逐渐增大的规律，对地形部位和风程的依赖性强，与来流翻越简单地形时的特征一致。  相似文献   

2001-2015年间我国陆地植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析          下载免费PDF全文

赵明伟  王妮  施慧慧  江岭  王春 《干旱区地理》2019,42(2):324-331

本文基于MODIS-NDVI遥感数据反演计算了我国陆地2001—2015年地表植被覆盖度的空间分布，讨论了植被覆盖度的时空变化规律，分析了影响植被覆盖度近十几年来动态变化的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明：我国陆地植被覆盖度从2001—2015年，植被覆盖度总体上呈增加趋势，其中淮河流域、华北平原地区、以及黄土高原地区增加趋势显著。根据植被覆盖度在时间序列上的变化特征，可将其变化类型分为持续增长型、先减小后增长等六种类型，其中农业种植区基本为一直增长型，而主要森林覆盖区，特别是西南地区的植被覆盖度在研究时段内表现出波动性的变化特征。降水是驱动华北平原北部，内蒙古，以及西北大部分区域植被覆盖度动态变化的重要因素，东北、青藏高原等地区植被覆盖度受温度的影响较大，而在中国东南沿海地区，光照条件是影响该区域植被覆盖度的主要因素。  相似文献   

Seismic performance of buildings retrofitted with nonlinear viscous dampers and adjacent reaction towers     

《地震工程与结构动力学》2018,47(5):1329-1351

An effective strategy of seismic retrofitting consists of installing nonlinear viscous dampers between the existing building, with insufficient lateral resistance, and some auxiliary towers, specially designed and erected as reaction structures. This allows improving the seismic performance of the existing building without any major alteration to its structural and nonstructural elements, which makes this approach particularly appealing for buildings with heritage value. In this paper, the nonlinear governing equations of the coupled lateral‐torsional seismic motion are derived from first principles for the general case of a multistory building connected at various locations in plan and in elevation to an arbitrary number of multistory towers. This formulation is then used to assess the performance of the proposed retrofitting strategy for a real case study, namely, a 5‐story student hall of residence in the city of Messina, Italy. The results of extensive time‐history analyses highlight the key design considerations associated with the stiffness of the reaction towers and the mechanical parameters of the nonlinear viscous dampers, confirming the validity of this approach.  相似文献   

阿尔金断裂带中段现今构造形变模式的InSAR研究     

邱江涛  朱良玉  王随随 《大地测量与地球动力学》2018,38(8):783-786

利用2007～2010年间14景ALOS PALSAR数据及SBAS InSAR技术，获取阿尔金断裂带中段91°E附近现今地壳形变速率场，并反演该地区断层的滑动速率和闭锁深度。结果表明，阿尔金断裂中段地区的形变速率自北向南呈3个线性梯度变化区，分别为阿尔金山东段8～12 mm/a、索尔库里盆地6～7 mm/a、阿尔金断裂带以南约0 mm/a。3个速率梯度变化区主要集中在喀腊达坂断裂和阿尔金主断裂上；拟合的断层就位于金雁山南缘、喀腊达坂断裂南邻，走滑速率从西（7.1 mm/a）向东（14.0 mm/a）逐渐增大，闭锁深度自西(4.5 km)向东(10.6 km)逐渐趋深。结合前人研究推测，金雁山（阿尔金山链东部）与索尔库里拉分盆地组成的复合破裂构造模式，是转换断层运动时应力和应变调整的主要驱动机制。  相似文献   

Bacteria‐sediment associations in an alpine,freshwater environment and their effects on particle size,density and settling velocity          下载免费PDF全文

David C. Barrett  Kyle R. Hodder 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(10):2232-2242

This study measures the presence of bacteria‐sediment associations (BSAs) in an alpine, glacier‐fed watershed in the Southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. The impact of BSAs on the creation of flocculated particles and their settling velocity are quantified using a laser transmissometer. Results from the study indicate that BSAs are present in the watershed and vary over both space and time. The percentage of bacteria associated with sediment particles was found to range from < 1% to 40%. Major sources of planktonic bacteria such as agricultural land and wastewater treatment outflow co‐occur with large decreases in the BSA ratio. Laboratory analysis demonstrates that an increase in the concentration of bacteria was associated with a decrease in the volume concentration of small particles, and a decrease in both estimated density and measured settling velocity for particles in larger size classes; consistent with flocculated particles of increasing complexity arising from combinations of primary particles and/or BSAs. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions using laminated lake sediments in alpine, glacier‐fed systems benefit from a fuller understanding of the geomorphologic processes by which they formed. While bacteria are noted to enhance formation of flocculated particles in laboratory systems, their impact upon geomorphic processes in natural systems have yet to be fully explored. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献