南海冬季之西边界流：1998年2月的水文结构与体积输运     

李立  郭小刚  吴日升 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(3):1-7

The unique survey in December 1998 mapped the entire western boundary area of the South China Sea(SCS),which reveals the three-dimensional structure and huge volume transport of the swift and narrow winter western boundary current of the SCS(SCSwwbc) in full scale. The current is found to flow all the way from the shelf edge off Hong Kong to the Sunda Shelf with a width around 100 km and a vertical scale of about 400 m. It appears to be the strongest off the Indo-China Peninsula, where its volume transport reached over 20×10~6 m~3/s. The current is weaker upstream in the northern SCS to the west of Hong Kong. A Kuroshio loop or detached eddy intruded through the Luzon Strait is observed farther east where the SCSwwbc no more exists. The results suggest that during the survey the SCSwwbc was fed primarily by the interior recirculation of the SCS rather than by the"branching" of the Kuroshio from the Luzon Strait as indicated by surface drifters, which is likely a near-surface phenomenon and only contributes a minor part to the total transport of the SCSwwbc. Several topics related to the SCSwwbc are also discussed.  相似文献   

The role of fog,orography, and seasonality on precipitation in a semiarid,tropical island          下载免费PDF全文

Sarah R. Schmitt  Diego A. Riveros‐Iregui  Jia Hu 《水文研究》2018,32(18):2792-2805

Isotopes of water (²H/¹H and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O) are commonly used to trace hydrological processes such as moisture recycling, evaporation loss, and moisture source region and often vary temporally in a given region. This study provides a first‐ever characterization of temporally variable precipitation mechanisms of San Cristóbal Island, Galápagos. We collected fog, rain, and throughfall samples over three field seasons to understand the mechanisms driving seasonal‐ and event‐based variability in the isotopic composition of precipitation in Galápagos. We establish that fog is a common phenomenon in San Cristóbal, especially during the dry season, and we found that fog, compared with cocollected rainfall, is consistently enriched. We further suggest that the relative contribution of fog formed via different mechanisms (orographic, advective, radiation) varied seasonally. We found that the source region is the most dominant control of the isotopic composition of rainfall in the Galápagos at both the seasonal and event scales, but subcloud evaporative processes (the nontraditional manifestation of the amount effect) became a dominant control on the isotopic composition of rainfall during the dry season. Overall, our findings suggest that understanding seasonally variable water‐generating mechanisms is required for effective water resource management in San Cristóbal Island and other semiarid island ecosystems under current and future regimes of climate change.  相似文献   

Climatological Characteristics of the East Asian Winter Monsoon Simulated by CWRF Regional Climate Model     

Bingdi Wang  Qingquan Li  Xinyong Shen  Lili Dong  Fang Wang  Tao Wang  Xinzhong Liang 《地球科学进展》2020,35(3):319-330

Based on the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data from the European Medium-Term Weather Forecast Center from 1979 to 2016 and the ERSSTv4 sea surface temperature data from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the regional climate model CWRF was used to simulate the climate characteristics in East Asia. The results show that the CWRF model can well reproduce the average characteristics of the East Asian winter monsoon circulation, including the location and intensity of the low-level continental cold high pressure and variation characteristics of wind field in high and low levels. The occurrence area and frequency of the north wind in the simulation and the reanalysis data were further calculated and compared. It is shown that they are basically consistent. The distribution of air temperature and precipitation over China are well represented by the model. The water vapor transport is also in good agreement with the reanalysis data. The water vapor from the Bay of Bengal plays a vital role in the precipitation over South China. The simulation results of apparent heat source and apparent moisture sink show that the model can well simulate the thermal difference between the East Asian continent and the adjacent sea area. The analysis results indicate that CWRF model has the ability to simulate the main characteristics of the East Asian winter monsoon.  相似文献   

青岛地区海雾分布及大气边界层条件分析     

任兆鹏  李昊倩  鞠霞  王国清 《海洋科学》2020,44(5):96-106

青岛地区海雾多发,观测表明海雾对沿海地区影响范围不尽相同,特别是海雾影响内陆的机理尚缺乏研究。本文利用观测资料及数值模式统计了青岛地区4月-7月海雾分布特征,并对不同影响范围海雾典型个例进行对比分析,结果表明:海雾发生日数自沿海向内陆递减。胶州湾沿岸雾日数比黄海沿岸明显减少,胶州湾东北部的雾日数要少于胶州湾西北部。海雾多发生于高空形势稳定,低层偏南流场的天气条件下。大气边界层内逆温层的的范围大致影响着海雾的分布。只影响沿海的海雾,地面为偏南风,风速在3~8 m/s之间,内陆风力减弱不明显。500 m以下大气边界层内风速切变大。湍流作用使海雾向内陆推进过程中倾斜抬升为低云,地面雾区减弱。能够影响内陆地区的海雾,多出现在地面风力较弱的情况之下,大部分在1~3 m/s之间。500 m以下大气边界层内风速切变小,大气边界层内湍流强度不强,使沿海到内陆的逆温层能够始终维持,沿海海雾在弱南风影响下延伸影响内陆地区。  相似文献   

中国避暑型与避寒型宜人气候的分布特征及差异     

邓粒子  保继刚 《地理研究》2020,39(1):41-52

宜人气候可以分为避暑型和避寒型两种类型,但现有研究鲜有关注国内两类气候的分布特征及差异。本文采用1981—2010年2132个国家气象观测站数据,基于温湿指数、风寒指数和着衣指数计算各个气象站点的气候综合舒适指数,结合协同克里金空间插值方法对全国避暑型和避寒型宜人气候的分布特征进行了研究,并对两类气候的地域差异进行了分析。结果表明：① 中国避暑型气候区包括40°N以北的西北边疆和东北地区、西北中部地区及西南地区三大集中分布区。中国避寒型气候区集中分布在北回归线以南的低纬地区。② 国内夏冬两季的气候不舒适地域广阔,包括环渤海、长三角等经济发达、人口稠密地区,避暑型与避寒型气候资源的开发潜力显著。③ 两类宜人气候呈现明显的地域分离特征,拥有避暑和避寒双重属性的地方极少。④ 国内避寒型气候是稀缺资源,具有垄断性特征;而避暑型气候相对分布广泛,是一种相对遍在性资源。本文不仅丰富了宜人气候分布特征研究的理论成果,而且可为地方气候资源的旅游开发提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Snowpack disrupts relationship between young water fraction and isotope amplitude ratio; approximately one fifth of mountain streamflow less than one year old     

Éowyn M. S. Campbell  Igor Pavlovskii  M. Cathryn Ryan 《水文研究》2020,34(25):4762-4775

Previous “fraction of young water” (F_yw) estimates based on relative annual isotopic amplitudes in precipitation (A_p) and streamflow (A_s) produced low F_yw values in mountain catchments, which is contrary to extensive research that reports rapid water transmission in mountains. This study investigated this discrepancy by testing the effect of snow accumulation on the model that underpins the F_yw method. A Monte-Carlo analysis of simulations for 20,000 randomly-generated catchment model configurations used 10 years of precipitation inputs for the Upper Elbow River catchment in the Rocky Mountains (Alberta, Canada) to model discharge with and without snowpack storage of winter precipitation. Neither direct nor modified precipitation input produced a 1:1 relationship between A_s/A_p and F_yw, undermining the applicability of the original F_yw method in mountain watersheds with large seasonal snow accumulation. With snowpack-modified input a given A_s/A_p ratio corresponds to a range of F_yw values, which can still provide semi-quantitative information. In the small (435 km²) Elbow River catchment a F_yw range of 7–23% supports previous findings of rapid transmission in mountain catchments. Further analysis showed that the improved discharge prediction (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency > 0.9) correlates with higher F_yw values and demonstrated that the interannual shifts in δ¹⁸O can be used to estimate of new water (<1 year) fraction in winter streamflow, and the estimate of 20% for the Elbow River further supports rapid transmission in mountain catchments.  相似文献   

河西走廊东部冬季沙尘暴的典型个例及气候特征分析     

张春燕  李岩瑛  曾婷  张爱萍 《气象》2019,45(9):1227-1237

应用1971—2016年河西走廊东部代表站的地面观测资料、NCEP 2.5°×2.5°月均地面至300 hPa高空资料,2006—2016年民勤逐日07和19时每隔10 m加密高空资料,分析了近45年河西走廊东部冬季沙尘暴天气的年际变化特征。同时选取2016年11月两次沙尘暴天气过程从天气学成因、物理量场及近地面边界层特征等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明:近45年河西走廊东部冬季沙尘暴日数呈减少趋势,产生大风沙尘天气的主要原因不仅与大型冷暖空气强度及环流形势有关,还与冷锋过境时间、日变化、近地层风速和干湿程度关系密切。夜间至早晨近地面逆温厚且强,大气层结稳定,削弱沙暴强度,而午后到傍晚,逆温薄而弱,大气层结不稳定性强,加强了动量下传和风速,增强沙暴强度。近地层越干,风速越大,沙暴越强。  相似文献   

2016—2017年贵州大雾时空分布及气象要素演变分析          下载免费PDF全文

胡跃文  秦杰  苏静文  牛迪宇  吉廷艳 《气象》2019,45(5):659-666

利用2016—2017年自动站逐小时观测资料,统计分析了贵州大雾天气的时空分布特征;同时,结合天气图资料分析筛选了锋面大雾个例31 d和辐射大雾个例17 d,对比分析大雾生消过程中风、温、湿等气象要素演变特点。结果表明：(1)贵州大雾在秋末到初春较为频发;一天中夜间02—09时是大雾频发时段,07时达到峰值。(2)贵州自西向东有4个多雾区,分别为西南部区域、中部区域、东部边缘区域和北部局部区域。(3)锋面大雾主要出现在贵州中西部,范围最广时可达20个县站左右,持续时长可达10~13 h,单站可持续60 h以上。辐射大雾以贵州中东部地区出现较多,范围最广时可接近40个县站,远比锋面大雾范围广,持续时间相对较短。(4)大雾期间,10 min平均风速为0~3 m?s-1,相对湿度为97%~100%,温度露点差为0~0.5℃;辐射大雾初期或形成前气温呈下降状态,消散期升温较明显,地气温差呈现由负到正或由低到高的变化趋势,反映出近地层大气由较为稳定的逆温环境向不稳定环境变化的过程;锋面大雾初期的降温和后期的升温现象并不突出,地气温差也没有特定的变化规律,仅有部分个例与锋面大雾情况一致。  相似文献   

江苏省夏季浓雾的时空分布特征及气象影响因子分析     

宗晨  钱玮  包云轩  袁成松  周林义  崔驰潇  王宏斌 《气象》2019,45(7):968-977

利用江苏省70个国家基本站逐10 min连续观测资料,对江苏省夏季浓雾的时空分布特征及影响因子进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)夏季浓雾易在气温小于29℃、风速低于3 m·s~(-1),且盛行偏东风的条件下形成;低温高湿的梅雨期是夏季浓雾在6月高发(42.4%)的可能原因。(2)夏季浓雾生消时间与秋、冬季显著不同,主要发生于00—06时,消散集中于05—08时,持续时间主要在6 h以内。(3)夏季浓雾以辐射雾为主,辐射雾、平流雾和锋面雾分别占58. 1%、35. 5%和6.4%。(4)夏季浓雾发生频次呈现从东北部沿海地区向西南部内陆地区递减的趋势,淮北地区夜间降温幅度高于苏南地区是出现这一现象的主要原因。(5)成雾前6～24 h出现的弱降水为近地层提供水汽,此后天气转晴,静稳的大气层结下有利于夏季浓雾的出现。  相似文献   

闽中南罕见冬季锋前暴雨个例特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

陈健康  赵玉春  陈赛  黄惠镕  郑辉 《气象》2019,45(2):228-239

利用福建省逐小时加密自动站资料、风廓线、S波段双偏振雷达与雨滴谱等新型探测资料以及NCEP逐6 h的1°×1°大气再分析资料,分析了2017年2月21—22日福建中南部一次预报失败的冬季暴雨过程。结果表明:(1)此次暴雨过程类似于锋前暖区暴雨,自2000年以来仅此一例,十分罕见,是在低空急流偏强并长时间维持的背景下产生的,并未受到南支槽和冷空气的影响。(2)闽中大到暴雨带和闽南暴雨区的对流系统相互独立,有多个对流系统影响闽中地区,仅两个对流系统影响闽南地区。降水有较明显对流特征,属暖云弱对流降水,容易导致预报员对雨强估计不足。(3)此次冬季暴雨过程的水汽主要来自南海地区,低层水汽条件与汛期暴雨相当,但整层水汽条件较汛期略差;低空急流对暖湿气流的输送使暴雨区趋于不稳定,但对流不稳定度较汛期弱。(4)高空辐散低层辐合的配置为冬季暴雨带来了有利的动力抬升条件,但暴雨区涡旋性不强,无明显正涡度柱。其中,闽中大到暴雨主要与条件性对称不稳定有关,是在湿斜压作用下倾斜上升运动中产生,而闽南暴雨区既存在对流不稳定,也存在条件性对称不稳定。  相似文献