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1.
疫灾是人类灾害链网中的顶级灾害。利用历史疫灾史料,建立疫灾时间序列,使用历史断面分析、因子相关分析、时间序列分析等方法,对中国过去2720年疫灾流行的时空特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明:① 中国疫灾流行的频度和强度有长期上升趋势,温暖期形成疫灾低谷,寒冷期形成疫灾高峰。② 中国疫灾流行总体以夏、秋季为主,但有阶段性差异,15世纪50年代以后,由于疫病种类增多,疫灾频度提高,疫灾的季节性差异逐渐不显著。③ 中国疫灾波动周期主要有620~610 a、320~310 a、230~220 a、170 a、90 a等,它们大都是12 a或11.2 a的倍数,反映了“十二地支”周期的存在和太阳黑子活动对疫灾周期的重大影响。④ 过去近3000年里,中国累积的疫灾广泛度为93.51%,疫灾厚度达16.86层,东南半壁的疫灾比西北半壁的频繁得多、严重得多。⑤ 中国疫灾区域拓展与土地开发同步,疫灾重心变迁受经济重心的牵引,南宋以前由北向南迁移,南宋以后由东向西迁移;外来疫病输入对疫灾分布格局产生重大影响。⑥ 疫灾流行既是自然生态现象,也是社会文化现象,疫灾时空分布变迁反映人地关系变迁,人口稠密区、交通沿线区、都城周边区、自然疫源区、灾害频发区都是疫灾多发区。⑦ 地理环境分异奠定疫灾空间分异,高温、高湿、低海拔地区疫灾易于流行;自然灾害对疫灾具有诱发作用,灾害频繁区也是疫灾频发区,灾害频繁期也是疫灾频繁期;气候变迁影响疫灾波动,寒冷期疫灾多发,温暖期疫灾少发;人口增加带来的土地开发和人地关系紧张,加剧疫灾的流行;疫灾与战争如影随形,战乱频繁期也是疫灾频繁期。  相似文献   
2.
Hydrothermal vent incidence was once thought to be proportional to the spreading rate of the mid-ocean ridges (MORs). However, more and more studies have shown that the ultraslow-spreading ridges (e.g., Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR)) have a relatively higher incidence of hydrothermal venting fields. The Qiaoyue Seamount (52.1°E) is located at the southern side of segment #25 of the SWIR, to the west of the Gallieni transform fault. The Chinese Dayang cruises conducted eight preliminary deep-towed surveys of hydrothermal activity in the area during 2009 and 2018. Here, through comprehensive analyses of the video and photos obtained by the deep-towed platforms, rock samples, and water column turbidity anomalies, a high-temperature, ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal system is predicted on the northern flank of the Qiaoyue Seamount. We propose that this hydrothermal system is most likely to be driven by gabboric intrusions. Efficient hydrothermal circulation channels appear against a backdrop of high rock permeability related to the detachment fault.  相似文献   
3.
1研究目的(Objective)归来庄金矿床是鲁西地区最大的金矿床,具有独特的金碲矿化特征,其大地构造位置处于华北板块东缘之鲁西隆起区,著名的郯庐断裂带西侧(图1a)。矿体主要赋存于萤石化隐爆角砾岩和碳酸盐岩(寒武系和奥陶系白云岩、石灰岩)中,受NNW向区域性燕甘断裂的近EW向次级断裂控制(图1b)。矿床成因类型被认为是中低温热液隐爆角砾岩型,与早侏罗世的中偏碱性次火山杂岩体-铜石岩体密切相关。以往勘查研究表明,在闪长玢岩中并未发现工业矿体。本次在矿床深部勘查的基础上,对矿床深部矿化情况作了详细研究,新发现了闪长玢岩脉型金矿体(图1c、d),测试了含矿闪长玢岩的锆石U-Pb年龄,以此来限定成矿年龄的上限。  相似文献   
4.
全球干热岩资源开发诱发地震活动和灾害风险管控   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
干热岩地热资源作为一种绿色可再生的新型能源,其开发利用已成为当前世界各国尤其是发达国家能源战略的重要组成部分.但由于干热岩位于地壳浅部3~10 km,在采用增强型地热系统(EGS)等通用开发方式过程中,伴随着地壳应力状态的扰动,部分开采项目发生较大震级的诱发地震事件,甚至造成明显灾害、引起社会问题,亟待实现科学利用和风险管控.鉴于此问题在平衡能源开发战略和社会安全领域的重要性和关键性,本文梳理了全球干热岩开采诱发地震的总体情况、典型案例,整理了在成因和机理研究、地震灾害风险管控和缓解等方面的研究进展.综合分析结果表明,已有EGS项目案例中诱发地震震级超过3.0的达到31.2%、主要与断层活化有关,最大的诱发地震可发生在注水压裂、关井后、循环生产等各阶段.干热岩开采诱发地震有多种成因,已有案例多为多种成因共同作用,其中的关井后的尾随效应是目前重大难点.目前世界各国已开展了广泛的诱发地震机理研究并探索多种减灾措施,认为累积注水体积、注水速率与最大诱发震级之间不存在普适性的定标关系,前瞻性预测需要采用"一井一策"的方式.在缓解诱发地震灾害风险上,普遍采用科学的流体注入策略、对注采策略进行验证校准、持续开展地震活动监测等系列措施.此外,对储层的临界应力状态和应力时空演化的量化描述、地热储层内的先存断层与裂缝的探测识别、可有效管控地震发生的流体注入策略等,是当前干热岩资源开发减轻地震风险的主要技术难点,而利用地热储层实时感知信息技术、采用新的注入热交换载体、发展前瞻性的地震预测方法是该领域目前重点关注的技术方向.根据我国的干热岩资源开发和减轻地震灾害风险的实际情况,亟待建立开采场地安全性和灾害风险评价、多学科的地震监测网络和分析技术、地震灾害风险管控红绿灯系统等技术体系,并加强关井后的尾随现象、多场耦合等科学问题的基础研究.  相似文献   
5.
Macrophyte community diversity and composition respond to ecosystem conservation and local environmental factors. In this study, we developed a multidimensional diversity framework for macrophyte communities, including the taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity. We used the framework to explore the relationships among water level regimes and these diversity parameters in a case study of China's Baiyangdian Lake. Analysis of indicators of hydrologic alteration divided the water level from 1959 to 2019 into four regimes (dry, <6.42 m; low, 6.42–7.23 m; medium, 7.23–8.19 m; high, >8.19 m). Alpha and beta diversity were significantly higher in the medium regime than in the low and high regimes. Redundancy analysis indicated that the maximum water depth significantly affected taxonomic alpha diversity, and total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration significantly affected functional alpha diversity, respectively. Mantel tests showed that TN, Secchi depth (SD), and water depth in the high water level regime significantly increased the total beta diversity and turnover components. TN was the main factor that increased total taxonomic beta diversity. Water level regime mainly influenced interspecific relationships by changing the TN and COD concentration. The water level should be maintained between the medium and high water level regimes to promote restoration of the macrophyte community and improve ecosystem stability. The biodiversity evaluation framework would provide a deeper insight into the hydrological process management for restoration of aquatic macrophyte communities in shallow lakes.  相似文献   
6.
The source and hydrochemical makeup of a stream reflects the connectivity between rainfall, groundwater, the stream, and is reflected to water quantity and quality of the catchment. However, in a semi-arid, thick, loess covered catchment, temporal variation of stream source and event associated behaviours are lesser known. Thus, the isotopic and chemical hydrographs in a widely distributed, deep loess, semi-arid catchment of the northern Chinese Loess Plateau were characterized to determine the source and hydrochemical behaviours of the stream during intra-rainfall events. Rainfall and streamflow were sampled during six hydrologic events coupled with measurements of stream baseflow and groundwater. The deuterium isotope (2H), major ions (Cl, SO42−, NO3, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+) were evaluated in water samples obtained during rainfall events. Temporal variation of 2H and Cl measured in the groundwater and stream baseflow prior to rainfall was similar; however, the isotope compositions of the streamflow fluctuated significantly and responded quickly to rainfall events, likely due to an infiltration excess, overland dominated surface runoff during torrential rainfall events. Time source separation using 2H demonstrated greater than 72% on average, the stream composition was event water during torrential rainfall events, with the proportion increasing with rainfall intensity. Solutes concentrations in the stream had loglinear relationships with stream discharge, with an outling anomaly with an example of an intra-rainfall event on Oct. 24, 2015. Stream Cl behaved nonconservative during rainfall events, temporal variation of Cl indicated a flush and washout at the onset of small rainfall events, a dilution but still high concentration pattern in high discharge and old water dominated in regression flow period. This study indicates rainfall intensity affects runoff responses in a semi-arid catchment, and the stored water in the thick, loess covered areas was less connected with stream runoff. Solute transport may threaten water quality in the area, requiring further analysis of the performance of the eco-restoration project.  相似文献   
7.
沈世伟  吴飞  甘霖  姜满 《探矿工程》2021,48(1):120-128
对不同初始饱和度红砂岩冻融循环前后进行物理及力学试验研究,探讨初始饱和度对红砂岩冻融损伤的影响。本文设定红砂岩试样初始饱和度为20%、40%、60%、80%、100%,冻融次数设定为20次,对冻融前后试样分别测定质量、纵波波速以及进行单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明:1)冻融后不同初始饱和度红砂岩的物理性质发生变化,纵波波速降低、质量减小,但变化程度不同;2)随饱和度的增大,试样经冻融后峰值强度和弹性模量均呈降低趋势,但只有饱和度大于60%时,降低趋势较明显。本文研究为寒区隧道及地下工程建设以及岩土地质灾害监测与治理提供理论依据和试验基础。  相似文献   
8.
川口矿田钨矿床产于湖南衡阳川口岩体的外接触带及岩体内部,矿床类型主要有岩浆热液石英细脉带型和石英大脉型。近年川口矿田取得了重大找矿突破,并发现了新类型的岩体型钨矿。本文对川口岩体型钨矿床的黑云母二长花岗岩及赋矿的白云母二长花岗岩分别进行了 LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学特征研究,获得川口岩体的成岩年龄为(223.1 ± 0.78)Ma,MSWD=0.98,n=24,岩体型钨矿成矿年龄为(224.6±1.31)Ma,MSWD=0.33,n=9,为印支期成岩成矿。川口花岗岩具有高SiO_2,富K_2O+Na_2O,低CaO、MgO的特点,属于过铝质高钾钙碱性系列S型花岗岩,形成于碰撞环境下弱挤压构造体制。川口岩体稀土总量(∑REE)整体较低,轻稀土相对较富集,具有强烈的负Eu异常,富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K和高场强元素Ta,而亏损大离子亲石元素Sr和相容元素P、Ti等,表明该岩体各阶段花岗岩来自同一岩浆源,且经历了高度演化。赋矿花岗岩更低的δEu值及(La/Yb)_N值,表明其结晶分异程度更高。  相似文献   
9.
当深海固井遇到天然气水合物地层时,由于水泥浆水化放热,导致水合物的相变平衡条件发生改变,诱发水合物分解,引起二界面胶结质量下降等问题。为提高水合物地层固井质量,可向水泥浆中添加具有吸热控温作用的相变微胶囊,可有效降低固井水泥浆的水化升温。基于此,以配比石蜡为控温芯材、碳酸钙为壁材,利用自组装法制备了一种使用于深水水合物地层固井水泥浆控温微胶囊。由于固井水泥浆在达到水合物地层的过程中,外界温度环境复杂,单一相变温度的控温芯材极易失效。为扩展控温区间,选用切片石蜡与白油作为混合芯材,控温区间达到14.8~39.8 ℃。研究表明,该微胶囊表观形态良好、彼此无团聚,在热循环过程中,不易发生泄漏。与水泥浆复配后,对水泥浆流变性能无明显影响。在低掺加量时,微胶囊主要起降低水泥浆峰值温度的效果,并提升水泥石整体力学强度;高掺加量时,微胶囊既可以有效降低水泥浆峰值温度,也可以明显地延缓水泥浆放热速率。  相似文献   
10.
Natural environments contribute to people’s perception, preference and health restoration. Many researchers have focused either on the positive effects of overall rural environments on stress recovery or concentrated on the perception and preference aspects of the rural landscape, but few have integrated perception, preference and stress recovery simultaneously. This paper developed a framework which includes 11 elements and 38 element components related to Linpan, China, and distributed it online as part of a survey. As a result, a total of 324 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire included demographic details, perception and preference degree for Linpan, as well as self-estimations of stress recovery. Stepwise multiple linear regression was employed, and revealed 16 significant predictors for the perception, preference and stress recovery in rural environments. In terms of elements, atmosphere and imagery were the two elements that could be best perceived, while woodland, farmland, water, residence and road were the five most important elements for the preference. Moreover, seven elements were also identified as significant predictors for stress recovery. Among the element components, tranquility as well as road and water proximity were the two significant predictors for perception, while wide visibility as well as woodland and residence blending contributed significantly to stress recovery. The five element components of woodland interior, vegetable field, stream, courtyard space and branch road each had a significantly predictive ability for preference and stress recovery. These findings extend the understanding of the perception, preference and restorative properties of rural environments through the combination of elements and element components in Linpan of Western Sichuan, helping to improve the quality and characteristics of rural external and internal environments and create health-promoting environments.  相似文献   
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