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棘皮动物作为海洋底层生物,对海洋生态系统的结构和功能具有重要作用,特别是目前海参在海水养殖业中的重要地位,其生态习性及行为生态学特性的研究日益受到关注。本文综述了国内外海洋棘皮动物行为生态学研究现状,着重介绍了遮蔽物对棘皮动物聚集等行为特性的影响、作用机制及外界环境因素对聚集效果影响等内容,并进一步探讨了不同生境下棘皮动物行为特性的差异。在此基础上,结合海参养殖现状,提出了不同环境因子下的棘皮动物运动节律、作用机制及其行为生态学理论在生产实践中的应用等棘皮动物行为生态学研究新方向。 相似文献
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In nature, Apostichopus japonicus exhibits a behavioral characteristic of emerging at night and sheltering during the day. Hence, it was commonly believed that longer and darker light conditions are better for a population of A. japonicus. In aquaculture situations therefore, animals have commonly been cultured without lighting, especially during juvenile-hatching culture. However, how the length of darkness each day affects A. japonicus and what the mechanism is of behavioral response of A. japonicus to different photoperiods remain unclear, and are specifically addressed in this study. We applied nine photoperiod treatments (light:dark (LD) cycles at 0:24, 3:21, 6:18, 9:15, 12:12, 15:9, 18:6, 21:3, and 24:0 under 500 lx) to 60 individuals (29.73 ± 0.23 g) per treatment (with 3 replicates). The environmental conditions were set as: water temperature = 16.9 ± 0.3°C, dissolved oxygen>6.0 mg/L, ammonia<0.3 mg/L, pH = 7.8-8.2, and salinity = 30-32. Under experimental conditions of continuous darkness as well as continuous light, cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of A. japonicus (viz. the animals emerged and fed at night and sheltered during the day) were observed. However, they spent more and less time, respectively, moving and feeding under continuous darkness and continuous light, than those under a natural light cycle. Under photoperiods with 6-12 h of light, the animals showed one sheltering behavior transition and two emerging behavior transitions. These behavior transitions appeared to be governed by some internal physiological factors and induced by daily light variation. The behavior of the animals was significantly affected by different photoperiods, and the distribution rate (DR) of the animals emerging at "daytime" increased with lengthening "light time" (except for the LD 3:21 cycle). We also found that there was no significant difference in mean DR per day under LD cycles of 6:18, 9:15, 15:9, and 12:12. Mean DRs per day were significantly lower for these photoperiods, than for those under LD cycles of 0:24 and 3:21, and significantly higher than for those under LD cycles of 18:6, 21:3 and 24:0. These results imply that 6-15 h light per day were the similar photoperiods to natural sunlight. From the viewpoint of activity and feeding behaviors, these might be the optimal photoperiods for rearing A. japonicus. 相似文献
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为了解南四湖大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2010年对南四湖15个采样点的底栖动物和生态环境进行4次调查研究.结果表明:共检出底栖动物23种,栖息密度和生物量为311.57 ind./m2和44.39 g/m2;群落物种优势度指数较高,优势种集中于羽摇蚊幼虫(Chironomus plumosus)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri),分别占个体总数的77.45%和11.39%;水生植物生物量为1613 g/m2,盖度为33%,存在显著季节变化与空间差异,但底栖动物群落特征与之无显著相关性;南四湖水域主要污染物为氮,其次为磷,最后为高锰酸钾指数;2010年度除底栖动物物种数与水体CODMn含量呈显著负相关以及栖息密度与水体相关加权综合营养状态指数呈显著正相关外,其余底栖动物群落特征与水生植物、水质理化指标及营养状态间均未表现出显著相关性;依据底栖动物Goodnight-Whitley生物指数和水质相关加权综合营养状态指数评价结果,南四湖除局部区域受到严重的外源污染外,总体为清洁-中度营养类型. 相似文献
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几种虾、贝、藻混养模式能量收支及转化效率的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
实验采用围隔实验方法,对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)、青蛤(Cyclina sinesis)、菊花心江蓠(Gracilarialichevoides)和活菌净水剂的不同单、混养生态系统的能量收支和转化效率进行了研究。实验结果表明,实验期间系统接受的总太阳光辐射能为1 983.2 MJ/m2。浮游植物对光能的利用效率在各处理间无差异(0.147±0.007)%,混养江蓠显著地提高了总利用效率(0.308±0.019)%。总能量的转化效率,虾藻混养(28.36%)和江蓠单养(27.65%)最高,其次是虾贝藻混养(26.70%),对虾单养(12.24%)最低。单位净产量对饲料能的消耗,对虾单养(21.24 MJ/kg)最多,虾菌、虾贝混养(18.76~18.97 MJ/kg)次之,而虾藻、虾贝藻混养(2.64~3.24 MJ/kg)则显著地降低了饲料消耗量。实验中投喂组都有较多的能量沉积,对虾单养沉积量达到1.10 MJ/m2,虾贝混养(1.30 MJ/m2)稍高,而虾贝藻、虾菌、虾藻混养平均为0.53 MJ/m2,显著地低于对照。结果表明,混养青蛤和菊花心江蓠显著地提高了对虾养殖中的光能利用率和能量转化效率,减少了能量沉积,从而大大地提高了能量的利用效率。 相似文献
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基于典范对应分析的黄河三角洲滨海盐渍区土壤特征和芦苇湿地恢复研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取典型的黄河口滨海盐渍区碱斑裸地、自然演替和人工调控恢复的芦苇湿地为研究对象,采用典范对应分析不同恢复阶段的芦苇群落特征和对应的立地环境条件,探讨了影响芦苇湿地恢复的关键因子。结果表明:恢复过程中土壤中Na+、Cl-、SO42-、Mg2+、Ca2+和K+离子的绝对含量逐渐减少,HCO3-逐渐增加;土壤pH值与可溶性Ca2+含量呈互为增减的关系。全氮、有机质含量随着芦苇正向演替呈逐渐增加的趋势,全磷含量差异较小。环境因子中的土壤含盐量TS、氯硫比(Cl-/SO42-)、钠吸附比(SAR)、K+与样地群落特征第1排序轴呈显著的正相关性,而与水深、恢复时间、pH值、土壤有机质(OM)呈显著的负相关性。植物生长指标中芦苇株高与盐渍化指标TS、Cl-/SO42-、SAR、K+呈显著正相关,与覆盖度、生物量与WD、RS、pH、OM指标呈正相关。确定了盐度、氯硫比、Na+及水深是影响该区芦苇湿地恢复的主要制约因子。 相似文献
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为推断南四湖湖鲚种群来源,采用线粒体控制区(D-loop)基因序列测定技术,对3个不同水域湖鲚(Coilia ectenes taihuensis)种群的遗传结构特征及其变异进行研究,并分析它们之间的系统发育关系.结果表明3个不同湖鲚种群的平均单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.9646和0.0097,除3个单倍型共享外,不同地理单元中具有较高的单倍型多样性.AMOVA和成对Fst值分析均表明,不同湖泊群体间未发现明显的遗传分化,各地理单元中的单倍型相互散布在不同的种群中.系统发育分析结果显示,不同湖泊湖鲚种群的单倍型形成3个分支,但每一地理群体没有显示出明显的地理位置与单倍型间的对应关系.结合南四湖历史资料和当前渔业监测结果,推测湖鲚为2002年实施长江向南四湖应急补水时洪泽湖湖鲚迁移扩散进而在南四湖建群的. 相似文献
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