Hydrological trends and the evolution of catchment research in the Alptal valley,central Switzerland     

Manfred Stähli  Jan Seibert  James W. Kirchner  Jana von Freyberg  Ilja van Meerveld 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14113

When the observation of small headwater catchments in the pre-Alpine Alptal valley (central Switzerland) started in the late 1960s, the researchers were mainly interested in questions related to floods and forest management. Investigations of geomorphological processes in the steep torrent channels followed in the 1980s, along with detailed observations of biogeochemical and ecohydrological processes in individual forest stands. More recently, research in the Alptal has addressed the impacts of climate change on water supply and runoff generation. In this article, we describe, for the first time, the evolution of catchment research at Alptal, and present new analyses of long-term trends and short-term hydrologic behaviour. Hydrometeorological time series from the past 50 years show substantial interannual variability, but only minimal long-term trends, except for the ~2°C increase in mean annual air temperature over the 50-year period, and a corresponding shift towards earlier snowmelt. Similar to previous studies in larger Alpine catchments, the decadal variations in mean annual runoff in Alptal's small research catchments reflect the long-term variability in annual precipitation. In the Alptal valley, the most evident hydrological trends were observed in late spring and are related to the substantial change in the duration of the snow cover. Streamflow and water quality are highly variable within and between hydrological events, suggesting rapid shifts in flow pathways and mixing, as well as changing connectivity of runoff-generating areas. This overview illustrates how catchment research in the Alptal has evolved in response to changing societal concerns and emerging scientific questions.  相似文献   

The Fernow Experimental Forest,West Virginia,USA: Insights,datasets, and opportunities     

Luis Andrés Guillén  Mary Beth Adams  Emily Elliot  Jason Hubbart  Charlene Kelly  Brenden McNeil  William Peterjohn  Nicolas Zegre 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14106

Long-term experimental watershed studies have significantly influenced our global understanding of hydrological processes. The discovery and characterization of how stream water quantity and quality respond to a changing environment (e.g. land-use change, acidic deposition) has only been possible due to the establishment of catchments devoted to long-term study. One such catchment is the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) located in the headwaters of the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia, a region that provides essential freshwater ecosystem services to eastern and mid-western United States communities. Established in 1934, the FEF is among the earliest experimental watershed studies in the Eastern United States that continues to address emergent challenges to forest ecosystems, including climate change and other threats to forest health. This data note describes available data and presents some findings from more than 50 years of hydrologic research at the FEF. During the first few decades, research at the FEF focused on the relationship between forest management and hydrological processes—especially those related to the overall water balance. Later, research included the examination of interactions between hydrology and soil erosion, biogeochemistry, N-saturation, and acid deposition. Hydro-climatologic and water quality datasets from long-term measurements and data from short-duration studies are publicly available to provide new insights and foster collaborations that will continue to advance our understanding of hydrology in forested headwater catchments. As a result of its rich history of research and abundance of long-term data, the FEF is positioned to continue to advance understanding of forest ecosystems in a time of unprecedented change.  相似文献   

末次冰消期（1.9万年）以来冲绳海槽中部黏土矿物来源及其环境响应          下载免费PDF全文

田旭  胡邦琦  王飞飞  黄威  丁雪  宋维宇  徐方建 《中国地质》2020,47(5):1501-1511

基于采自冲绳海槽中部的CS2站柱状沉积物黏土矿物和AMS¹⁴C年代分析，探讨了末次冰消期以来冲绳海槽中部黏土矿物的物质来源及其环境指示意义。结果显示，CS2站黏土矿物以伊利石为主，其次为绿泥石，高岭石和蒙脱石含量较少。根据黏土矿物分布趋势变化，CS2站柱状沉积物可划分为3个阶段：阶段（I 19~12 ka BP）和阶段Ⅱ （12~8 ka BP）期间沉积物主要来源于长江，台湾和黄河物质也有一定影响，其物质来源主要受海平面升降的控制；阶段Ⅲ（8~0 ka BP）主要来源于长江和台湾，黄河贡献有限，主要受黑潮演化的影响。CS2站（蒙脱石+高岭石） （/伊利石+绿泥石）比值可以作为东亚季风演化的矿物学指标，指标变化显示出东亚冬季风强度相对夏季风的强度在16.4~14.8 ka BP和12.8~11.6 ka BP期间有两次显著的加强，指示当时气候相对寒冷干燥，结果可以与格陵兰冰心δ¹⁸O和三宝洞δ¹⁸O记录等很好对比。  相似文献   

The Natural Resource Management Planning Portal: Perspectives for NRM Planning and Reporting     

Birgita D. Hansen  Peter G. Dahlhaus  Robert G. Milne  Andrew D. MacLeod  Chris Pitfield 《社会与自然资源》2019,32(6):709-719

Natural Resource Management (NRM) is often conducted as a partnership between government and citizens. In Australia, government agencies formulate policy and fund implementation that may be delivered on-ground by community groups (such as Landcare). Since the late 1980s, over AUS$8b of Commonwealth investment has been made in NRM. However, quantitative evidence of environmental improvements is lacking. The NRM Planning Portal has been developed to (1) provide an online spatial information system for sharing Landcare and agency data; and (2) to facilitate NRM priority setting at local and regional planning scales. While the project successfully federates Landcare NRM activity data, challenges included (1) unstructured, non-standardized data, meaning that quantitative reporting against strategic objectives is not currently possible, and (2) a lack of common understanding about the value proposition for adopting the portal approach. Demonstrating the benefit of technology adoption is a key lesson for digital NRM planning.  相似文献   

Forest operations,tree species composition and decline in rainfall explain runoff changes in the Nacimiento experimental catchments,south central Chile     

Andrés Iroumé  Julia Jones  James C. Bathurst 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14257

Few long-term studies have explored how intensively managed short rotation forest plantations interact with climate variability. We examine how prolonged severe drought and forest operations affect runoff in 11 experimental catchments on private corporate forest land near Nacimiento in south central Chile over the period 2008–2019. The catchments (7.7–414 ha) contain forest plantations of exotic fast-growing species (Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus spp.) at various stages of growth in a Mediterranean climate (mean long-term annual rainfall = 1381 mm). Since 2010, a drought, unprecedented in recent history, has reduced rainfall at Nacimiento by 20%, relative to the long-term mean. Pre-drought runoff ratios were <0.2 under 8-year-old Eucalyptus; >0.4 under 21-year-old Radiata pine and >0.8 where herbicide treatments had controlled vegetation for 2 years in 38% of the catchment area. Early in the study period, clearcutting of Radiata pine (85%–95% of catchment area) increased streamflow by 150 mm as compared with the year before harvest, while clearcutting and partial cuts of Eucalyptus did not increase streamflow. During 2008–2019, the combination of emerging drought and forestry treatments (replanting with Eucalyptus after clearcutting of Radiata pine and Eucalyptus) reduced streamflow by 400–500 mm, and regeneration of previously herbicide-treated vegetation combined with growth of Eucalyptus plantations reduced streamflow by 1125 mm (87% of mean annual precipitation 2010–2019). These results from one of the most comprehensive forest catchment studies in the world on private industrial forest land indicate that multiple decades of forest management have reduced deep soil moisture reservoirs. This effect has been exacerbated by drought and conversion from Radiata pine to Eucalyptus, apparently largely eliminating subsurface supply to streamflow. The findings reveal tradeoffs between wood production and water supply, provide lessons for adapting forest management to the projected future drier climate in Chile, and underscore the need for continued experimental work in managed forest plantations.  相似文献   

遥感技术在“6·17”丹巴堵江泥石流灾害链灾区应急救援抢险决策中的应用     

唐尧  王立娟  赵娟  张成信 《中国地质调查》2020,7(5):114-122

2020年6月17日,四川丹巴县半扇门镇梅龙沟发生泥石流,阻断小金川河,形成堰塞湖,造成重大财产损失与人员伤亡。为掌握第一手灾情,辅助开展应急救援,以国产高分二号卫星数据为主要数据源,结合无人机航空摄影数据和灾后现场调查等资料,开展了“6·17”丹巴堵江泥石流灾害链灾区应急调查与分析。研究认为: 灾区影响人口约6.5万人; 国网丹巴县供电公司应急救援队与小金县联通通信应急抢险救援队距离最近,半扇门中学等5所学校可作为临时安置避难场所备选; 受影响矿山企业6家、重要水库1座、水电站1座; 泥石流沟总体呈NW—SE向展布,掩没面积约14.27万m²; 堰塞湖湖面面积约1.03 km²,淹没区约49.8万m²,路基路面全毁路段约2.1 km,下游疑似灾害隐患点9处,因灾受损民居25处、桥梁5处; 优选了2条灾后通达性较好的通往泥石流重灾区的救援生命线。借助遥感技术深入分析泥石流灾害链影响人口等灾情先期研判、灾情灾损应急调查及应急救援生命通道优选,对我国西南山区类似条件地质灾害隐患点的应急抢险救援、防灾减灾工作具有重要的指导意义。  相似文献   

韩国“新北方政策”对接“一带一路”倡议：机遇与挑战     

庞加欣  王灵桂 《热带地理》2019,39(6):911-918

韩国“新北方政策”与“一带一路”倡议的对接合作为中韩两国带来了重要发展机遇。文章主要探讨韩国“新北方政策”的内涵及其与“一带一路”倡议对接的进展、机遇与挑战,得出双方对接的合作机遇主要在政策沟通、设施联通、贸易投资和资金融通4个方面,同时也存在着制度性风险、地缘风险和投资合作风险的三大挑战。在具体对接过程中,产业、金融、物流3个领域可能成为突破口。  相似文献   

陡立矿山岩壁治理中的飘台稳定性分析          下载免费PDF全文

王腾飞  王蒙 《探矿工程》2020,47(10):61-66

随着国家和社会的发展，人们对生态环境越发重视。在经济发展的过程中，因采矿而遗留下了大量的废弃矿坑，这些矿坑的治理迫在眉睫。飘台作为一种治理高陡光滑岩壁的有效方法，在实际工程中被大量使用，然而对飘台稳定性的分析大多停留在简单的公式上。本文设计了一种适用于陡立矿山岩壁治理的砼制飘台结构，提炼了计算飘台稳定性的公式并结合FLAC3D数值模拟软件，对飘台的稳定性进行了分析。研究结果表明，此砼制飘台比较适用于陡立矿山岩壁的治理。  相似文献   

四川地区震后应急会商资料快速产出系统的设计与实现     

祁玉萍  汪小厉  林圣杰  肖本夫  何畅  廖晓峰 《震灾防御技术》2020,15(1):176-183

地震预报意见以大量资料为基础，依靠专家经验和多学科知识并通过会商讨论形成。显著地震发生后，快速、准确、有效地研判震情可为后期应急指挥和地震现场工作奠定基础。本文以Datist软件为平台，基于四川及邻区的基础资料，设计研发符合四川震情的震后会商资料快速产出系统，当四川及邻区发生中强地震时，通过该系统可在收到地震短信5分钟内以请求触发的方式快速产出应急会商资料，并以微信、PowerPoint和Word的形式将基础资料发送给分析预报人员，为后期趋势分析奠定基础。  相似文献   

Understanding the Past and Present and Predicting the Future: Farmers’ Use of Multiple Nutrient Best Management Practices in the Upper Midwest     

Riva C. H. Denny  Sandra T. Marquart-Pyatt  Matthew Houser 《社会与自然资源》2019,32(7):807-826

Understanding what drives farmers’ voluntary adoption of nutrient and soil best management practices has important consequences for many environmental outcomes including water quality. We build on research revealing the need for simultaneous use of multiple nitrogen best management practices to achieve water quality improvement goals. Using social, economic and attitudinal variables we predict the use of multiple nitrogen best management practices at three time points: current use (2013), past use (before 2013), and likelihood of use on their largest field in the next three years. Our empirical analysis uses structural equation modeling with latent variables and 2014 farmer survey data from three Midwestern US states. Most farmers in our sample used at least one of the six best management practices. Our results reveal that farmers’ attitudes, use of information sources, and conservation program participation affect the number of nitrogen best management practices concurrently in use at multiple time points.  相似文献