Investigation of the elevation of saltwater wedge due to subsurface dams     

Qinpeng Chang  Tianyuan Zheng  Youyuan Chen  Xilai Zheng  Marc Walther 《水文研究》2020,34(22):4251-4261

Subsurface dams are rather effective and used for the prevention of saltwater intrusion in coastal regions around the world. We carried out the laboratory experiments to investigate the elevation of saltwater wedge after the construction of subsurface dams. The elevation of saltwater wedge refers to the upward movement of the downstream saltwater wedge because the subsurface dams obstruct the regional groundwater flow and reduce the freshwater discharge. Consequently, the saltwater wedge cannot further extend in the longitudinal direction but rises in the vertical profile resulting in significant downstream aquifer salinization. In order to quantitatively address this issue, field-scale numerical simulations were conducted to explore the influence of various dam heights, distances, and hydraulic gradients on the elevation of saltwater wedge. Our investigation shows that the upward movement of the saltwater wedge and its areal extension in the vertical domain of the downstream aquifer become more severe with a higher dam and performed a great dependence on the freshwater discharge. Furthermore, the increase of the hydraulic gradient and the dam distance from the sea boundary leads to a more pronounced wedge elevation. This phenomenon comes from the variation of the freshwater discharge due to the modification of dam height, location, and hydraulic gradient. Large freshwater discharge can generate greater repulsive force to restrain the elevation of saltwater wedge. These conclusions provide theoretical references for the behaviour of the freshwater–seawater interface after the construction of subsurface dams and help optimize the design strategy to better utilize the coastal groundwater resources.  相似文献   

Perennial frost blisters of the outer Mackenzie Delta,western Arctic coast,Canada          下载免费PDF全文

Peter D. Morse  Christopher R. Burn 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(2):200-213

Saturated floodplains in Arctic deltas provide conditions favourable for frost mound growth. Little work has been reported from these settings to determine the origin of frost mounds and the controls on their distribution, to assess the longevity of individual mounds, or to quantify variation of mound distribution over time. A case study is presented on low mounds in low‐centred syngenetic ice‐wedge polygons of Big Lake Delta Plain, outer Mackenzie Delta. In 2008 and 2009, 12 mounds were examined by drilling to describe their morphologic variations and to investigate their growth processes. The mounds, containing a core of ice 15 to 58 cm thick, were less than 1 m high and 3 · 7 to 8 · 5 m in diameter; other mounds were over 10 m long. Organic inclusions in the ice, bubble densities, electrical conductivity profiles, and ice‐crystal structure indicated that the mounds were hydrostatic frost blisters. Up to six frost blisters were found within individual polygons due to the relatively small volume of water needed to create each mound. Frost‐blister densities, of greater than 1700 km^–2, increased toward the wet centres of alluvial islands down gentle topographic gradients. The frost blisters were perennial, with individuals remaining identifiable on aerial photographs and satellite images for up to 10 years. Frost blisters collapsed along dilation cracks opened by hydrostatic uplift and by thawing from their sides caused by snow drifting and water ponding. Cyclical growth and decay of the mounds may degrade the visible polygonal network over time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Prediction of ground motion due to the collapse of a large-scale cooling tower under strong earthquakes     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2014

The ground motion owing to the collapse of a large-scale cooling tower under strong earthquakes was appropriately predicted using a comprehensive approach. The predicted results can be used for the safety evaluation of nuclear-related facilities adjacent to the cooling tower as well as in the planning of nuclear power plant construction in China. In this study, a cooling tower–soil model was first developed based on a falling weight–soil model, which the authors verified by falling weight tests. Then the collapse process of a cooling tower was simulated, and the collapse-induced ground vibrations were assessed by using the proposed model. Finally, the ground motion, which was a combination of the earthquake-induced ground motion and the collapse-induced ground vibrations, was estimated based on the superposition principle of waves. It was found that the cooling tower may collapse under strong earthquakes with the peak ground accelerations (PGAs) in the range of 0.35–0.45 g in x (EW) and y (NS) directions, respectively. These PGAs are far beyond the PGA range of major earthquakes in the common seismic design in China. The types of the site geologies of towers can significantly affect the collapse-induced ground vibrations. For a typical hard soil consisting of strongly weathered sandy slate, moderate ground vibrations may occur in the considered region. The collapse-induced PGAs were in the range of 0.017–0.046 g for the observed points at distances of 350 m in radial direction. For a rock-like foundation, the collapse-induced radial PGAs may be as high as 0.08 g at distances of 350 m, indicating that the effect of the collapse-induced ground vibrations on the nuclear-related facilities should be seriously assessed in certain scenarios.  相似文献   

冷泉系统甲烷气体渗漏的声学特征及潜在环境效应     

尉建功  吴婷婷  邓希光  于宗泽  王力峰 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,42(5):133-144

The amount of methane leaked from deep sea cold seeps is enormous and potentially affects the global warming,ocean acidification and global carbon cycle. It is of great significance to study the methane bubble movement and dissolution process in the water column and its output to the atmosphere. Methane bubbles produce strong acoustic impedance in water bodies, and bubble strings released from deep sea cold seeps are called "gas flares"which expressed as flame-like strong backscatter in the water column. We characterized the morphology and movement of methane bubbles released into the water using multibeam water column data at two cold seeps. The result shows that methane at site I reached 920 m water depth without passing through the top of the gas hydrate stability zone(GHSZ, 850 m), while methane bubbles at site II passed through the top of the GHSZ(597 m) and entered the non-GHSZ(above 550 m). By applying two methods on the multibeam data, the bubble rising velocity in the water column at sites I and II were estimated to be 9.6 cm/s and 24 cm/s, respectively. Bubble velocity is positively associated with water depth which is inferred to be resulted from decrease of bubble size during methane ascending in the water. Combined with numerical simulation, we concluded that formation of gas hydrate shells plays an important role in helping methane bubbles entering the upper water bodies, while other factors, including water depth, bubble velocity, initial kinetic energy and bubble size, also influence the bubble residence time in the water and the possibility of methane entering the atmosphere. We estimate that methane gas flux at these two sites is 0.4×10~6–87.6×10~6 mol/a which is extremely small compared to the total amount of methane in the ocean body, however, methane leakage might exert significant impact on the ocean acidification considering the widespread distributed cold seeps. In addition, although methane entering the atmosphere is not observed, further research is still needed to understand its potential impact on increasing methane concentration in the surface seawater and gas-water interface methane exchange rate, which consequently increase the greenhouse effect.  相似文献   

南祁连拉脊山口增生楔的结构与组成特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

付长垒  闫臻  王宗起  牛漫兰  郭现轻  俞良军  李继亮 《岩石学报》2018,34(7):2049-2064

造山带内增生楔/增生杂岩结构与组成的精细研究可为古洋盆演化和古板块构造格局重建提供最直接证据。北祁连构造带发育多条增生杂岩带,记录了阿拉善和中祁连地块之间原特提斯洋的俯冲和闭合过程,然而南祁连构造带大地构造演化长期存在争议。地质填图结果表明,南祁连构造带拉脊山口地区存在一套强烈片理化的玄武岩、灰黑色和红色硅质岩、砂岩和泥岩组合,它们与一套呈现"块体裹夹于基质"结构特征的混杂岩共同构成了增生杂岩,发育双重逆冲构造、逆冲断层、无根褶皱、紧闭褶皱和透入性面理。该增生杂岩与蛇绿岩之间为断层接触,并位于断层下盘。混杂岩是由斜长花岗岩(561Ma)、斜长岩(507Ma)、辉绿岩、玄武岩、硅质岩和砂岩等外来或原地岩块与浊流成因的细碎屑岩基质共同组成;基质和砂岩块体均发育同沉积构造,呈现出滑塌堆积典型特征。空间上,拉脊山口增生杂岩与上覆蛇绿岩被断层所分割且共同仰冲于中祁连南缘青石坡组浊积岩之上,具有与东侧昂思多地区增生杂岩和蛇绿岩相似的岩石组成、构造变形和时空结构特征。它们与南侧的岛弧带共同构成了南祁连构造带寒武纪-早奥陶世沟-弧体系,指示了寒武纪-早奥陶世时期南祁连洋盆向南俯冲。  相似文献   

车排子凸起与沙湾凹陷过渡带的构造模型   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

梁宇生吴松涛  路玉郑孟林  刘得光孔玉华 吴海生 《地质科学》2018,(1):155-168

车排子凸起位于准噶尔盆地扎伊尔山前,是夹持在南部四棵树凹陷和东部沙湾凹陷之间的三角构造带。然而对这个三角构造带是原地掩伏构造,山前推覆构造,还是走滑构造控制形成的认识存在争议。目前对于车排子凸起与沙湾凹陷过渡带的构造变形特征以及变形机制的认识尚不清楚。而过渡带是研究该区构造变形与演化的良好区域,精细研究该区域构造几何学与运动学对于揭示其构造变形机制以及认识盆山之间的关系具有积极作用,并对于该区油气勘探具有重要意义。本文以研究区的连片三维地震资料为基础,运用不整合面识别、轴面分析及平衡剖面等方法,对车排子凸起与沙湾凹陷过渡带进行精细的构造解析、建模与构造复原。研究表明,过渡带发育下二叠统（P₁j-P₁f）,中二叠统（P₂x-P₂w）,上二叠统（P₃w）,三叠系（T）,侏罗系（J）,白垩系（K）与古近系-第四系（E-Q）7个构造变形层序。发育佳木河组底部及石炭系内部滑脱层。深部（前二叠系）构造楔发育于整个过渡带,其个数和几何学形态的变化直接影响了上覆背斜形态。构造楔在早二叠世开始楔入,挤压作用持续至三叠纪末期。晚三叠世发育生长地层,显示了P-T构造层褶皱变形的时间,随后三叠纪末期,过渡带受到来自西北缘造山带方向的逆冲推覆构造的叠加作用,表现在后缘发育一系列叠瓦构造,推覆距离约为8 km,南部逆冲断层上盘二叠系-三叠系被剥蚀完全,北部残余少量下二叠统佳木河组。  相似文献   

Petrogenesis of Late Ordovician intrusive rocks in the West Kunlun orogenic belt: Constraints on the subduction process of the Proto-Tethys OceanSCIEI北大核心CSCD     

陶再礼  尹继元  袁超  肖文交  陈文  陈岳龙  王雅美  杨帆 《岩石学报》2022,(11):3321-3340

西昆仑造山带发育有大量的早古生代岩浆岩,它们的形成与原特提斯洋俯冲-碰撞密切相关,然而,对于这些岩浆岩的岩石成因和形成的构造背景仍然存在较大的争议。本文对西昆仑造山带早古生代阿喀孜二长岩和赛图拉石英闪长岩岩体开展了详细的矿物学、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf-O同位素研究,以探讨这些侵入岩的岩浆源区与成因,揭示原特提斯洋在这一时期的构造演化过程。这两个岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为456±2Ma和452±2Ma,指示它们形成于晚奥陶世。阿喀孜二长岩具有富碱(K_(2)O+Na_(2)O=10.5%~11.8%)、富钾(K_(2)O/Na_(2)O=1.20~1.44)特征,相对低MgO(0.89%~0.97%)、TiO_(2)(0.42%~0.45%)含量,富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,且具有较高的全岩锆饱和温度(T_(Zr)=814~862℃),属于钾质碱性岩石。该岩体具有较高的(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)值(0.72057~0.72186),负的全岩ε_(Nd)(t)值(-5.1~-4.5)和负的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值(-7.6~-3.4),以及较高的锆石δ^(18) O值(5.39‰~7.94‰),表明其源区可能为伸展环境下古老基性下地壳部分熔融。赛图拉石英闪长岩SiO_(2)含量为56.8%~58.6%,全碱(Na_(2)O+K_(2)O)含量为5.75%~6.39%,具有较低的铝饱和指数(A/CNK=0.85~0.89),相对高的MgO含量(2.93%~3.41%)以及Mg^(#)值(~45),为高钾钙碱性系列岩石。它们富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th)和亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti),且具有微弱的Eu异常(δEu=0.72~0.77),类似于俯冲带岩浆岩地球化学特征。这些石英闪长岩具有相对高的(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_(i)比值(0.71317~0.71322),负的全岩ε_(Nd)(t)值(-5.6~-5.1)和负的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值(-7.8~-2.9),与同时期来源于富集地幔的基性岩同位素特征相似,表明赛图拉石英闪长岩岩浆可能是由俯冲板片流体交代的富集地幔楔部分熔融形成,并在岩浆演化的过程中经历了橄榄石、辉石、角闪石、磷灰石和Fe-Ti氧化物等矿物的分离结晶作用。结合同位素和数字模拟计算(Rhyolite-MELTS)结果表明,赛图拉石英闪长岩可能由塔里木克拉通南缘玄武质岩浆的分离结晶而成。综合前人研究,本文提出晚奥陶世阿喀孜二长岩和赛图拉石英闪长岩形成于原特提斯洋向北俯冲相关的活动大陆边缘环境,该时期原特提斯洋板片回撤,诱发软流圈地幔的上涌,从而产生了大量的弧岩浆岩。  相似文献   

The Himalayan Collisional Orogeny: A Metamorphic Perspective     

WANG Jiamin  WU Fuyuan  ZHANG Jinjiang  Gautam KHANAL  YANG Lei 《《地质学报》英文版》2022,96(6):1842-1866

This paper introduces how crustal thickening controls the growth of the Himalaya by summarizing the P-T-t evolution of the Himalayan metamorphic core. The Himalayan orogeny was divided into three stages. Stage 60–40 Ma: The Himalayan crust thickened to ~40 km through Barrovian-type metamorphism (15–25 °C/km), and the Himalaya rose from <0 to ~1000 m. Stage 40–16 Ma: The crust gradually thickened to 60–70 km, resulting in abundant high-grade metamorphism and anatexis (peak-P, 15–25 °C/km; peak-T, >30 °C/km). The three sub-sheets in the Himalayan metamorphic core extruded southward sequentially through imbricate thrusts of the Eo-Himalayan thrust, High Himalayan thrust, and Main Central thrust, and the Himalaya rose to ≥5,000 m. Stage 16–0 Ma: the mountain roots underwent localized delamination, causing asthenospheric upwelling and overprinting of the lower crust by ultra-high-temperature metamorphism (30–50 °C/km), and the Himalaya reached the present elevation of ~6,000 m. Underplating and imbricate thrusting dominated the Himalaya’ growth and topographic rise, conforming to the critical taper wedge model. Localized delamination of mountain roots facilitated further topographic rise. Future Himalayan metamorphic studies should focus on extreme metamorphism and major collisional events, contact metamorphism and rare metal mineralization, metamorphic decarbonation and the carbon cycle in collisional belts.  相似文献   

Geoarchaeological evidence on a Late Bronze Age earthquake,Ohrid Basin (North Macedonia)     

J. Hošek  M. Verčík  P. Pokorný  J. Beneš  V. Komárková  T. Radoměřský  N. Atanasoska  V. Todoroska  P. Ardjanliev 《第四纪科学杂志》2021,36(6):1003-1012

Geoarchaeological investigations on the northeastern shore of Lake Ohrid revealed 3.5 m thick deepwater lacustrine sediments overlying terrestrial vegetation macrofossils, worked wood and abundant potsherds dated to the Late Bronze Age (LBA). Distinct contact of deepwater sediment with the sub-aerial weathered limestone bedrock point to a sudden increase in lake level. According to radiocarbon data, catastrophic flooding occurred shortly after 1214 yr bc. Because the area is located in a highly active seismic zone, we propose that this event was caused by tectonically induced, metre-scale coseismic subsidence related to faults bordering the Ohrid alluvial plain. Moreover, this event coincides well with a dramatic switch in the habitation and settlement strategy in the region. More important, however, is the finding that the age of the proposed massive tectonic event and change in habitation lies within the interval of the proposed ‘earthquake storm’ in the eastern Mediterranean dated to 1225–1175 bc. As the Ohrid-Korça zone belongs to the same tectonic province, a relationship between the abovementioned earthquakes and the proposed event can be expected. This research therefore might provide the first direct evidence of a large-scale earthquake event linkable to the LBA collapse of Europe's first urban civilisation in the Aegean.  相似文献   

A modified numerical calculation method of collapse pressure for thick-walled offshore pipelines     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

Considering the shear deformation and thickness stretching of large deformation, a modified numerical calculation method based on the thick shell theory is established to determine the collapse pressure of thick-walled pipes. Verification experiments are conducted on ten pipe specimens in hyperbaric chambers. The good agreement between experimental results and numerical predictions shows the validity and reliability of the new numerical calculation method. Combining DNV specification, the characteristic collapse pressure is also calculated for comparison. The difference between experimental results and DNV calculations illustrates the latter one is much conservative in predicting collapse pressure for thick-walled pipes. Sensitivity analysis on manufacturing imperfections and material properties is investigated for pipes with different D/t ratios. Thick-walled pipes are easier to be affected by initial ovality, residual stress and hardening factor. Based on the stress distribution at the moment of collapse, a novel discovery is found that the collapse pressure of thick-walled pipes is dominated by material plastic behavior.  相似文献