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1.
To accurately evaluate ecological risks trigged by groundwater exploitation, it must be clarified the relationship between vegetation and groundwater. Based on remote sensing data sets MOD13Q1, groundwater table depth (WTD) and total dissolved solids (TDS), the relationship between groundwater and natural vegetation was analyzed statistically in the main plain areas of Qaidam Basin. The results indicate that natural vegetation is groundwater-dependent in areas where WTD is less than 5.5 m and TDS is less than 7.5 g/L. Aquatic vegetation, hygrophytic vegetation and hygrophytic saline-alkali tolerant vegetation are mainly distributed in areas with WTD <1.1 m. Salt-tolerant and mesophytic vegetation mainly occur in areas with WTD of 1.4-3.5 m, while the xerophytic vegetation isprimarily present in areas where WTD ranges from 1.4 m to 5.5 m. Natural vegetation does not necessarily depend on groundwater in areas with WTD >5.5 m. For natural vegetation, the most suitable water TDS is less than 1.5 g/L, the moderately suitable TDS is 1.5-5.0 g/L, the basically suitable TDS is 5.0-7.5 g/L, and the unsuitable TDS is more than 7.5 g/L.  相似文献   
2.
Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are a main contributor to water pollution in urban environments. However, many existing transport models are semi-empirical and only consider one-dimensional flows, which limit their predictive capacity. Combining the shallow water and the advection–diffusion equations, a two-dimensional physically based model is developed for dissolved pollutant transport by adopting the concept of a ‘control layer’. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to validate the proposed model, taking into account the effects of buildings and intermittent rainfalls. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations, which supports the assumption that the depth of the control layer is constant. Based on the validated model, a parametric study is conducted, focusing on the characteristics of the pollutant distribution and transport rate over the depth. The hyetograph, including the intensity, duration and intermittency, of rainfall event has a significant influence on the pollutant transport rates. The depth of the control layer, rainfall intensity, surface roughness and area length are dominant factors that affect the dissolved pollutant transport. Finally, several perspectives of the new pollutant transport model are discussed. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the dissolved pollutant transport processes on impermeable surfaces and urban stormwater management.  相似文献   
3.
大兴安岭南部—松辽盆地西斜坡晚二叠世古沉积环境一直以来备受争议,关于该地区中—晚二叠世古环境演化方面的研究也鲜见报道。本文采用元素地球化学和有机地球化学相结合的研究方法,对松辽盆地西斜坡蒙科地1井中—晚二叠世古沉积环境演化特征进行综合研究。结果表明,中二叠世为明显的海相沉积,沉积水体相对较深,期间可能存在多次干热—暖湿波动,其中中二叠世ZSI晚期—ZSII早期较为明显,水体性质体现为咸水—微咸水—半咸水,水体还原性—偏氧化性—还原性,气候干热—温湿—干热。晚二叠世早期为微咸水—半咸水海相沉积,至晚二叠世晚期转变为淡水—微咸水海陆过渡相沉积,期间存在两次明显的气候环境波动,与中二叠世哲斯组沉积中期气候环境变化相似,表现为水体变浅、咸度降低、还原性减弱,气候由干热转向温湿。晚二叠世以来气候逐渐向温暖湿热转变,水体逐渐变浅,可能与二叠纪—三叠纪之交气候变暖有关。至三叠纪、侏罗纪时期,区域处于构造抬升阶段,沉积环境由海陆过渡相环境转变为陆相沉积。结合TOC、古生产力指标分析得出,中二叠世ZSI晚期—ZSII2早期、晚二叠世LXI晚期、晚二叠世LXII中期、晚二叠世LXIII沉积期偏湿润的气候条件和低咸度、弱还原—偏氧化性的沉积水体环境,是形成厚度较大、富有机质烃源岩的有利的气候环境条件。  相似文献   
4.
大河坝石墨矿是川北米仓山南缘石墨矿带新发现的大型显晶质石墨矿床。研究了该矿床的地质特征和矿石主量、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征,结果表明:含矿岩层为副变质岩,矿区石墨矿体原岩沉积于缺氧的还原环境,原岩为一套含碳质黏土质细—粉砂岩及含碳质泥灰岩组合。微量元素特征指示矿体原岩由近海陆源碎屑物沉积形成,沉积水体主要为盐度较低的、混合不均匀的淡水—半咸水。矿石ΣREE平均值为150×10-6,与泥灰岩相近;δCe值平均为0.91,呈弱负异常,δEu值平均为0.67,呈负异常,具滨海潮坪相沉积特征。含矿岩石δ13C值为-21.4‰~-19.0‰,平均为-19.86‰,表明成矿碳质来源主要为有机碳,并混合了部分无机碳。矿床成因类型为沉积变质型,其变质作用可能包括多次区域变质作用并叠加了混合岩化作用。  相似文献   
5.
玛湖凹陷二叠系风城组是近几年准噶尔盆地页岩油接替的主攻领域,但其页岩成岩改造强烈,原始岩性归属尚不明确。X射线粉晶衍射测得风城组页岩黏土矿物含量普遍较低(<10%),长英质矿物含量较高(60%~80%)。薄片分析发现风城组长英质页岩存在三种类型:① 粉砂级(4~63 μm)长石和石英碎屑含量丰富,为典型的粉砂岩;② 燧石条带和团块发育,为富硅页岩;③ 长英质基质发育,呈非碎屑状,且火山尘及火山玻璃少见,其矿物组成和形态与典型的黏土岩、粉砂岩及沉凝灰岩明显不同。背散射图像和高精度扫描电镜测得该长英质基质由碎屑和自生石英、钾长石和钠长石共同组成,可见黏土矿物、碎屑钾长石和钠长石向自生石英转化,碎屑钾长石向自生钠长石转化。通过调研全球中新生代碱湖沉积中自生硅酸盐矿物组合特征和成岩演化规律,探讨了二叠系风城组“贫”黏土矿物和“富”自生长英质矿物的原因,并提出风城组发育一类“改造长英质页岩”,主要由原始黏土和长石碎屑矿物和火山物质经过多期成岩改造而成。早期高碱(pH>9)沉积和成岩环境增加了SiO2溶解度和元素铝的活性,导致黏土矿物、泥级—细粉砂级长英质碎屑、火山灰等在入湖后发生“溶解、转化”,形成次稳定的硅酸盐矿物,如沸石和含镁蒙皂石,在经历漫长埋藏成岩后进一步转化为更为稳定的石英、钾长石和钠长石。碱湖页岩的成岩改造过程消耗了黏土矿物和火山灰,极大增加了页岩脆性,同时伴生了大量基质溶孔和晶间孔,是一类优质的页岩储层。  相似文献   
6.
Understanding the hydrological processes of colloids within the karst vadose zone is vital to the security of karst groundwater and providing appropriate paleohydrological explanations of colloid-facilitated metals in speleothem. This study addresses the mobilization mechanisms driving colloidal organic matter (COM) transport in the karst vadose zone using a 15-year long monthly monitoring dataset from a cave drip point (HS4) in Heshang Cave, Qingjiang Valley, China. Variations in COM concentrations were reported as the fluorescence difference values of raw and filtered (<0.22 μm) samples at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission wavelength of ~400 nm. A fluorescence humification index (HIX) lower than 0.8 and an autochthonous index (BIX) higher than 1.2 indicated that the origin of COM was mainly from the karst vadose zone, rather than the soil zone. The COM concentration varied from 0.001 to 0.038 Raman Unit (RU), with evident seasonal fluctuations. Rising limbs for COM values occurred prior to rising limbs within a dripwater hydrograph; moreover, the COM peak values corresponding to the beginning of the increasing hydrograph generally suggested that the mobilization of COM reflected the movement of the air–water interface (AWI) in the karst vadose zone rather than rainfall intensity or flow velocity. COM peak values were positively correlated with the antecedent drying duration and negatively correlated with HIX values. These phenomena may be explained by the increased amount of organic matter that was aggregated and absorbed on the surface of carbonate in the karst vadose zone during a longer drying duration. Moreover, the longer drying duration was also beneficial to autochthonous biological activity, which subsequently decreased the HIX value of the organic matter in the karst vadose zone. The movement of AWI and the drying duration are both controlled by the outside weather conditions. This study is therefore conducive to evaluating the security of karst groundwater in response to climate change, and challenges prevailing paleoclimate interpretations of colloid-facilitated metal abundance timeseries reported from speleothems.  相似文献   
7.
High resolution(939 samples)total organic carbon content(TOC)analyses were conducted on the Shuanghe Section of^152.6 m in the Changning area,Sichuan Basin.The sampling section was divided into two units considering the distinct-different deposit environment and sediments accumulation rate.The lower part(Unit 1)and the peer part(Unit 2)with high resolution sample spacing(0.08–0.4 m)enables the identification of the precession cycle in two sedimentary sequences with distinct different sedimentary accumulation rate.MTM Power spectral analyses on untuned TOC series reveals significant peaks exceeding above the 95%confidence level and shows that both Unit 1 and Unit 2 have recorded Milankovitch cycles of 405 kyr long eccentricity,short eccentricity,obliquity and precession.The floating astronomical time scale(ATS)was constructed on the Shuanghe Section in the Early Silurian(~439.673–444.681 Ma),and which was calibrated by 405 kyr long eccentricity cycles.The total duration of the Wufeng and Longmaxi shales is 5.01 Myr.The floating ATS used for estimating the duration of the graptolite zones and each stage in the study interval.Finally,we postulated two models that could verify the linkage between orbital cycle and organic accumulation.To make sure whether productivity or preservation is the main factor that under long eccentricity control,the phase correlation between the obtained filtered signal and the theoretical orbital solution should be made clear in the further research.  相似文献   
8.
自然界中有机质分布广泛、类型多样且性质各异,不论在水体还是在沉积物(岩)中都扮演着重要的角色。因此,探讨各类型有机质聚集和沉积过程的差异性,对深化认识有机质沉积特征和演化规律具有重要的意义。生物体在生长过程中产生了许多有机质,包括生物体自身、生物残体、动物排泄物以及生物分泌的有机分子等,各类型有机质的性质差异极大。由于研究方法的不同,可将海洋中有机质划分为颗粒有机质(particulate organic matter,POM)和溶解有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM),而DOM又可划分为胶体有机质(colloidal organic matter,COM)和真溶解有机质;从聚合体形式上看,又有海雪和悬浮体等存在形式。进一步分析发现有机质的形态包括生物体、生物残体、排泄物和有机质聚合体等,并且各类型有机质与无机矿物以不同的形式共存。此外,DOM与POM间存在一定的转化关系。这些性质和特征架起了不同类型有机质间聚集和沉积的桥梁。在沉积物(岩)中通过粒度或密度分级分离及孢粉相分析,也发现不同类型的有机质,如生物体、生物残体和无定形等,它们常与特定的无机矿物共生,如无定形多富集在黏粒级颗粒中,而生物体和生物残体多富集在粗颗粒中。进一步溯源发现沉积物(岩)中的各类有机质与生物有机质或海洋中有机质的类型极具相似性,这些特征展现各类型有机质在沉积过程中的差异性。综合有机质的形态、性质以及与矿物共生关系,认为有机质可通过机械沉积、化学沉积和生物沉积等3种不同的方式沉积保存,其中机械沉积的有机质以惰性的生物残体为主,化学沉积的有机质以活性极强的无定形为主,生物沉积有机质以活性较强的微生物和粘附物为主。有机质沉积方式及有机质特征、矿物—有机质间关系和保存条件的差异,决定了有机质的演化命运的不同,进而对有机质生烃以及碳循环产生重要的影响,因而应引起人们的高度关注。  相似文献   
9.
烃源岩中的有机酸来源于有机质,但有机质具有不同的赋存形式,有机酸具有不同性质,这将影响有机酸与不同赋存有机质的关系,进而影响分离和检测方法。文章在总结前人对有机质赋存形式和有机酸性质等特征的基础上,提出烃源岩中的有机酸并以非单一的形式存在,具有水溶性、脂溶性和难溶性有机酸三种类型,游离有机质中存在水溶性和脂溶性有机酸,而结合有机质中存在水溶性、脂溶性和难溶性有机酸。因此在检测方法上需采取分步分离的方法,且根据有机酸的性质选取合适的检测方法,即水溶性有机酸利用离子色谱检测,索氏抽提得到的脂溶性有机酸利用气相色谱—质谱检测,通过酸解抽提残渣得到的难溶性有机酸利用红外光谱检测,全面系统地认识烃源岩中有机酸含量和类型等特征。这对进一步探讨烃源岩各种类型有机酸特征和演化规律,深化烃源岩有机质生烃以及有机—无机相互作用等机理都具有重要意义。  相似文献   
10.
基于2015年6月淮河流域卫星遥感监测火点信息、环境空气质量监测数据和常规气象观测资料,利用ANUSPLIN和ArcGIS Kriging方法对气象要素和主要大气污染物浓度空间栅格化,分析了秸秆焚烧关键期内AQI和主要污染物浓度的时空变化特征及其与气温、相对湿度、风速等气象要素的相关关系。结果表明:秸秆焚烧关键期内,淮河流域城市AQI、PM10与PM2.5浓度均明显升高,且与卫星监测火点具有一定时空响应关系。在时间变化上,AQI、PM10与PM2.5浓度6月上中旬呈波动上升,6月下旬趋于回落;在空间分布方面,AQI、PM10与PM2.5浓度三者分布形态相似,总体上呈现"南低北高、两高一低"分布特征;期间AQI、PM10与PM2.5浓度与气温呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关,与风速的相关性不显著。  相似文献   
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