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在1800年至1989年间,华北地区(34.0°—42.0°N;117.5°—125.0°E)由于地震造成人员死亡程度(E)(E—logD,D为死亡人数)及其频度(N)满足指数关系N=37.71e~(-0.72E)。应用Gumbel极值理论估计该区在1988—1998年和1999—2009年间,地震造成人员死亡人数等于和大于1000人的概率分别是0.37和0.50。 相似文献
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The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the state of Florida implemented new wind load and tie-down regulations
for manufactured homes following Hurricane Andrew. This article examines the effect of the new regulations on the likelihood
that occupants of mobile homes would survive a tornado. On February 2, 2007, three tornadoes struck central Florida, resulting
in 21 deaths in Lake County, all in manufactured homes. The deaths occurred almost exclusively in homes rated as leveled by
the county tax appraiser. Manufactured homes built to the new regulations, however, were significantly less likely to be leveled.
Regression analysis finds that manufactured homes built to the post-Andrew requirements were 79% less likely to be leveled
than homes built prior to the HUD Code in 1976, and 68% less likely to be leveled than homes built after 1976 but before the
1994 wind load regulations. Construction of all manufactured homes in the tornado paths to the wind load and tie-down requirements
could have reduced fatalities by 70%.
相似文献
| Daniel Sutter (Corresponding author)Email: |
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Lucinda Coates 《The Australian geographer》1999,30(3):391-408
Information on fatalities from flooding in Australia has been compiled from newspapers, historical accounts, and government and scientific reports. Records covering 1788 to 1996 indicate that at least 2213 persons have been killed in floods in Australia. The overall decadal death rate has decreased from 23.98 per 100 000 population in the 1800s to 0.04 per 100 000 in the 1990s. The greatest number of fatalities has occurred in New South Wales but, taking population into account, Queensland has been the most vulnerable state historically as, more recently, has been the Northern Territory. Most fatalities have occurred during February, and amongst males (80.6 per cent). The overall male:female death and death-rate ratios are both 4:1. Whereas the male:female death-rate ratio has fluctuated over time from 10:1 to 1:1, it does not approach equality. Most fatalities (38.5 per cent) have occurred through attempts to cross creeks, bridges or roads in times of flood. Another 31.5 per cent of victims were in houses-the majority awaiting rescue, or simply unaware of the flood. Of the total known deaths, work-related fatalities have accounted for 12.4 per cent, and recreational pursuits for 5.7 per cent. 相似文献
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Thomas W. Schmidlin 《Natural Hazards》2009,50(1):13-25
There were 407 deaths from wind-related tree failures in the United States, 1995–2007. The most common cause of the deadly
fallen tree was a thunderstorm (41%), followed by nonconvective high winds (35%), tropical cyclones (14%), tornadoes (7%),
and snow and ice (3%). Most (62%) of the deaths were males while the median age was 44 years. The most common location of
the fatality was in a vehicle struck by the tree or a vehicle that crashed into a downed tree on the road (44%), followed
by persons outdoors (38%), in mobile homes (9%), and in frame houses (9%). Persons killed by wind-related tree failures during
tropical cyclones and tornadoes were more commonly at home (40%) when struck than those killed at home by thunderstorm and
nonconvective high winds (13%). Seasonality of the deaths varied by weather type with deaths in thunderstorms clustered during
May–August, nonconvective high winds October–April, tropical cyclones August–October, tornadoes in April and November, and
snow and ice December–April. Regional patterns result from frequency of the wind events, population density, and tree cover.
Suggestions are made for hazard reductions. 相似文献
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