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排序方式: 共有38条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
ZHANG Jie  Zhenglong  LI  Jun  LI  Jinglong  LI 《大气科学进展》2014,31(3):559-569
ABSTRACT Satellite-based observations provide great opportunities for improving weather forecasting. Physical retrieval of atmo spheric profiles from satellite observations is sensitive to the uncertainty of the first guess and other factors. In order to improve the accuracy of the physical retrieval, an ensemble methodology was developed with an emphasis on perturbing the first guess. In the methodology, a normal probability density function (PDF) is used to select the optimal profile from the ensemble retrievals. The ensemble retrieval algorithm contains four steps: (1) regression retrieval for original first guess; (2) perturbation of the original first guess to generate new first guesses (ensemble first guesses); (3) using the ensemble first guesses and nonlinear iterative physical retrieval to generate ensemble physical results; and (4) the final optimal profile is selected from the ensemble physical results by using PDE Temperature eigenvectors (EVs) were used to generate the pertur- bation and generate the ensemble first guess. Compared with the regular temperature profile retrievals from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS), the ensemble retrievals RMSE of temperature profiles selected by the PDF was reduced between 150 and 320 hPa and below 400 hPa, with a maximum improvement of 0.3 K at 400 hPa. The bias was also reduced in many layers, with a maximum improvement of 0.69 K at 460 hPa. The combined optimal (CombOpt) profile and a mean optimal (MeanOpt) profile of all ensemble physical results were improved below 150 hPa. The MeanOpt profile was better than the CombOpt profile, and was regarded as the final optimal (FinOpt) profile. This study lays the foundation for improving temperature retrievals from hyper-spectral infrared radiance measurements.  相似文献   
2.
探讨网络游记文本中的地名使用特征及其研究意义,地名使用状态的定量特征能够反映游客对旅游地景观的认知结构与旅游行为的一般过程。在现有中文分词技术基础上,结合游记文本中的地名使用特点,选用ATF*PDF方法计算特征词汇在整个旅游文本集中使用状态的综合权重,设计了一种基于大量网络游记文本的热度地名自动提取方法,为不使用自定义地名库的旅游地理研究奠定了基础。以游客点评网游记为样本的实验证明,该方法能够实现旅游相关地名的快速提取,地名使用热度越高,提取准确率越高;对地名提取结果的类型结构分析发现了自然和人文旅游地游记在词汇使用方面的共性和差异,指示了旅游文本地名的分布意义及其对旅行过程其他信息解读的潜在价值,预示了网络游记文本在进一步解析旅游者的旅游地认知特征和旅游行为过程方面的科学意义。  相似文献   
3.
The low and high flow characteristic of the Blue Nile River (BNR) basin is presented. The study discusses low and high flow, flow duration curve (FDC) and trend analysis of the BNR and its major tributaries. Different probability density functions were fitted to better describe the low and high flows of the BNR and major tributaries in the basin. Wavelet analysis was used in understanding the variance and frequency‐time localization and detection of dominant oscillations in rainfall and flow. FDCs were developed, and low flow (below 50% exceedance) and high flow (over 75% exceedance) of the curves were analysed and compared. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite‐based maps of monthly changes in gravity converted to water equivalents from 2003 to 2006 for February, May and September showed an increase in the moisture influx in the BNR basin for the month of September, and loss of moisture in February and May. It was also shown that 2004 and 2005 were drier with less moisture influx compared to 2003 and 2006. On the basis of the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov, Anderson‐Darling and Chi‐square tests, Gen. Pareto, Frechet 3P, Log‐normal, Log‐logistics, Fatigue Life and Phased Bi‐Weibull distributions best describe the low and high flows within the BNR basin. This will be beneficial in developing flow hydrographs for similar ungauged watersheds within the BNR basin. The below 50% and above 75% exceedance on the FDC for five major rivers in addition to the BNR showed different characteristics depending on size, land cover, topography and other factors. The low flow frequency analysis of the BNR at Bahir Dar showed 0·55 m3/s as the monthly low flow with recurrence interval of 10 years. The wavelet analysis of the rainfall (at Bahir Dar and basin‐wide) and flows at three selected stations shows inter‐ and intra‐annual variability of rainfall and flows at various scales. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
4.
基于谱修正方法的非高斯风场模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为克服基于H erm ite谱修正方法的缺点,减少该方法中计算H erm ite多项式系数所需耗费的大量机时,提出了一种模拟非高斯风压场的新方法,采用非高斯累积分布函数(CDF)映射技术来代替基于H erm ite的概率密度函数(PDF)修正。选择任意边缘PDF模型作为概率目标模型,采用目标功率谱密度(PSD)作为样本函数,通过迭代修正该样本函数,使其收敛于目标概率密度函数和目标功率谱密度。将该方法应用于实际结构的非高斯风场模拟,模拟结果与目标谱符合良好,表明本文方法模拟非高斯风场具有较高的精确度和计算效率。  相似文献   
5.
当前多源地图数据的非共享性等特点严重制约了地图数字出版流程的顺利开展.为了有效解决多源地图数据到印前数据的转换问题,根据多源地图数据的类型及特点,结合出版对地图数据的特殊要求,建立并实现了一套完整的由多源地图数据转换为印前数据的方案,并通过具体应用得到有效的验证.  相似文献   
6.
传统的以纸质为载体的档案管理模式具有难以克服的缺陷,而各类电子文档无法做到原版原式、缺乏对文档的审阅批注功能,作者根据PDF应用现状以及PDF文件格式的主要特性,指出PDF文件格式是档案信息资源数字化、网络化过程中可以采用的较理想的电子文档格式.  相似文献   
7.
Patterns of crystallographic preferred orientation are referred to as texture. The specific subject of texture analysis is the experimental determination and interpretation of the statistical distribution of orientations of crystals within a specimen of polycrystalline material, which could be metals or rocks. The objective is to relate an observed pattern of preferred orientation to its generating processes and vice versa. In geosciences, texture of minerals in rocks is used to infer constraints on their tectono-metamorphic history. Since most physical properties of crystals, such as elastic moduli, the coefficients of thermal expansion, or chemical resistance to etching depends on crystal symmetry and orientation, the presence of texture imparts directional properties to the polycrystalline material. A major issue of mathematical texture analysis is the resolution of the inverse problem to determine a reasonable orientation density function on SO(3) from measured pole intensities on , which relates to the inverse of the totally geodesic Radon transform. This communication introduces a wavelet approach into mathematical texture analysis. Wavelets on the two-dimensional sphere and on the rotational group SO(3) are discussed, and an algorithms for a wavelet decomposition on both domains following the ideas of Ta-Hsin Li is given. The relationship of these wavelets on both domains with respect to the totally geodesic Radon transform is investigated. In particular, it is shown that the Radon transform of these wavelets on SO(3) are again wavelets on . A novel algorithm for the inversion of experimental pole intensities to an orientation density function based on this relationship is developed.  相似文献   
8.
This paper studies the statistics of the soil moisture condition and its monthly variation for the purpose of evaluating drought vulnerability. A zero-dimensional soil moisture dynamics model with the rainfall forcing by the rectangular pulses Poisson process model are used to simulate the soil moisture time series for three sites in Korea: Seoul, Daegu, and Jeonju. These sites are located in the central, south-eastern, and south-western parts of the Korean Peninsular, respectively. The model parameters are estimated on a monthly basis using hourly rainfall data and monthly potential evaporation rates obtained by the Penmann method. The resulting soil moisture simulations are summarized on a monthly basis. In brief, the conclusions of our study are as follows. (1) Strong seasonality is observed in the simulations of soil moisture. The soil moisture mean is less than 0.5 during the dry spring season (March, April, and June), but other months exceed the 0.5 value. (2) The spring season is characterized by a low mean value, a high standard deviation and a positive skewness of the soil moisture content. On the other hand, the wet season is characterized by a high mean value, low standard deviation, and negative skewness of the soil moisture content. Thus, in the spring season, much drier soil moisture conditions are apparent due to the higher variability and positive skewness of the soil moisture probability density function (PDF), which also indicates more vulnerability to severe drought occurrence. (3) Seoul, Daegue, and Jeonju show very similar overall trends of soil moisture variation; however, Daegue shows the least soil moisture contents all through the year, which implies that the south-eastern part of the Korean Peninsula is most vulnerable to drought. On the other hand, the central part and the south-western part of the Korean peninsula are found to be less vulnerable to the risk of drought. The conclusions of the study are in agreement with the climatology of the Korean Peninsula.  相似文献   
9.
陈四清  吴明光  阎晓东 《测绘科学》2005,30(6):85-86,76
本文简要介绍了信息时代地图产品的主要表现形式,并针对地图出版软件系统存在的不足,论述了多接口地图符号库设计和应用的必要性。在分析相关技术的基础上,提出了一种地图符号库多接口的架构方式,实现了针对地图不同输出目标,使用同一套地图符号库,输出GDI、EPS、PDF和SVG等不同文档格式的方法。  相似文献   
10.
论边界层中的大气扩散PDF模式   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
徐大海  朱蓉  李宗恺 《气象学报》1997,55(6):670-680
基于大气扩散K理论,用作为风速脉动均方差和拉氏时间尺度函数的湍流交换系数,得到了直接利用风速脉动几率密度而不用扩散参数的大气扩散PDF模式。分别研究了对流边界层上升气流区与下降区垂直速度的统计特征,求得双正态PDF模式。在给定CBL自身参数如对流特征速度w*,顶高hi和源高度上的平均风速时,该模式计算出的无量纲浓度分布与室内外测试结果一致。  相似文献   
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