Riverine large wood and recreation safety: A framework to discretize and contextualize hazard     

Will Conley  Natalie Kramer 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):2201-2216

The importance of large wood (LW) to riverine functions is well established scientifically and increasingly recognized by river managers in many countries. However, public perceptions largely associate LW with elevated danger and/or need for intervention. Such perspectives are amplified amongst recreational river users (defined here as any individuals that recreate by floating on the water surface of a river) who interact more directly with rivers than the general public and commonly view wood in life-or-death terms. Given that human life occupies a highest-order charge for river managers, they are left in a difficult position when safety appears to conflict with environmental services. LW deficits are perpetuated partly because wood removal, often in the name of safety, is far easier than placing wood in rivers. Further, river restoration practitioners are frequently burdened with expectations and liability unparalleled in built environments. A fundamentally different mindset is necessary to achieve desired ecologic outcomes when working with rivers. Based on two decades of experience as boaters, LW practitioners, and emergency responders, we (1) discuss LW hazard and risk from recreational and management viewpoints, (2) discretize objective and measurable physical properties of LW hazards, and (3) propose a decision framework that implicitly addresses risk by considering LW hazards relative to river use and ambient hazards. The approach is structured to increase objectivity in LW hazard mitigation and diminish asymmetric biases that favor LW removal. Our intent is to build understanding and rational flexibility among risk-averse management, regulatory, and funding entities to facilitate implementation of scientific understanding without undue risk to river users. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Identification of factors influencing hydrologic model performance using a top-down approach in a large number of U.S. catchments     

Carolina Massmann 《水文研究》2020,34(1):4-20

Investigating the performance that can be achieved with different hydrological models across catchments with varying characteristics is a requirement for identifying an adequate model for any catchment, gauged or ungauged, just based on information about its climate and catchment properties. As parameter uncertainty increases with the number of model parameters, it is important not only to identify a model achieving good results but also to aim at the simplest model still able to provide acceptable results. The main objective of this study is to identify the climate and catchment properties determining the minimal required complexity of a hydrological model. As previous studies indicate that the required model complexity varies with the temporal scale, the study considers the performance at the daily, monthly, and annual timescales. In agreement with previous studies, the results show that catchments located in arid areas tend to be more difficult to model. They therefore require more complex models for achieving an acceptable performance. For determining which other factors influence model performance, an analysis was carried out for four catchment groups (snowy, arid, and eastern and western catchments). The results show that the baseflow and aridity indices are the most consistent predictors of model performance across catchment groups and timescales. Both properties are negatively correlated with model performance. Other relevant predictors are the fraction of snow in the annual precipitation (negative correlation with model performance), soil depth (negative correlation with model performance), and some other soil properties. It was observed that the sign of the correlation between the catchment characteristics and model performance varies between clusters in some cases, stressing the difficulties encountered in large sample analyses. Regarding the impact of the timescale, the study confirmed previous results indicating that more complex models are needed for shorter timescales.  相似文献   

1981—2018 年庆阳市气候舒适度特征分析及评价          下载免费PDF全文

张可心 《干旱区地理》2020,43(5):1270-1277

为了对庆阳市气候资源特征进行分析和评价，指导当地城乡规划建设及旅游业的发展，利 用庆阳市 1981—2018 年 8 个气象观测站逐日气温、降水、风速、相对湿度、日照时数等资料，计算当 地气候舒适度的 4 种参数，分析庆阳市气候舒适度时空变化特征，结果表明：庆阳市春季、秋季偏 冷，夏无酷暑，温暖舒适，冬季寒冷，较不舒适；温湿指数、风效指数、穿衣指数年际变化特征显示， 四季气候均有向暖发展的趋势，春季和夏季变化趋势极显著，秋季和冬季变化显著性较弱；综合指 数年际波动大，夏季气候趋于不舒适，其余季节均趋于舒适；气候舒适期年内分布特征显示，5～9 月 为全市气候舒适期，适合开展旅游活动；5 月和 9 月舒适度空间分布的总体特征是西部高，东部低， 6～8 月均为东南部高，西部、北部低；舒适度月变化总体特征为，5 月＞6 月＞9 月＞8 月＞7 月。  相似文献   

柴达木盆地尕斯库勒湖区盐生植物改良土壤盐渍化效应及其贡献评价          下载免费PDF全文

余冬梅  祁兆鑫  胡夏嵩  刘亚斌  王建萍  李姜瑶 《盐湖研究》2020,28(4):91-101

在柴达木盆地尕斯库勒盐湖区,通过对芦苇、赖草、海韭菜、无脉苔草、洽草、盐地风毛菊、羊齿天门冬、小花棘豆和白刺9种盐生植物生长区土壤容重、含水量、全盐量、pH值、全氮、速效钾、速效磷进行测试分析,研究其对盐渍化土壤的改良效果。试验结果表明:9种盐生植物均可降低土壤容重、全盐量和pH值,提高土壤含水量,其平均全盐量较裸地降低了3.79%~85.40%,平均降低幅度为44.99%,小花棘豆降低土壤容重相对较为显著(17.39%),无脉苔草相对较差(1.37%)；盐地风毛菊降低土壤pH值的能力相对较强(5.11%),羊齿天门冬相对较弱；赖草提高土壤含水量相对较为显著(26.05%),白刺相对较差(1.85%)。9种盐生植物可不同程度增加土壤全氮含量,且随取样深度增加全氮含量呈逐渐降低的变化趋势；9种盐生植物坡面地表以下垂直方向0~20 cm土体速效磷含量表现出增加趋势,其中在地表以下20~50 cm位置速效磷含量增加相对较为显著,土体速效磷含量增加的程度由大至小依次为:小花棘豆、赖草、无脉苔草、海韭菜、白刺、羊齿天门冬、芦苇、洽草和盐地风毛菊。研究结果对于利用盐生植物防治土壤盐渍化,以及进一步提高土壤可持续利用有实际价值。  相似文献   

基于Datist的测震分析月报自动产出技术研发     

王宇航  庞瑶  宫悦  颜利君  黄春梅 《四川地震》2020,(1):40-43

针对四川测震台网运行月报中关于测震分析章节编写过程中的程序化工作流程,依托于数据专家(Datist)自动化流程实现了数据源读取、数据清洗、目录统计、绘制震中分布图、计算速报结果自评和报告自动产出等功能,辅助完成月报生成。实践证明该成果可有效减轻地震监测人员的工作负担,提高工作效率。  相似文献   

分布式光纤声波传感器及其在天然地震学研究中的应用     

张丽娜  任亚玲  林融冰  宋政宏  曾祥方 《地球物理学进展》2020,(1):65-71

分布式光纤声波传感器(Distributed Acoustic Sensing,DAS)是近年来兴起的超密集地震观测系统,具有一系列观测密度高、观测成本低、耐受恶劣环境等优势,在油气行业得到了广泛应用,也引起了天然地震学界的关注.本文简要回顾了DAS系统的测量原理、发展历程、技术方案、介绍了测量原理及其响应特性,然后围绕多个观测实验,介绍浅部结构成像、深部结构探测和地震监测三个方向的典型应用实例,最后讨论了DAS系统在天然地震学研究中应用面临的挑战和发展趋势.  相似文献   

南海东北部东沙海域海水层反射特征分析     

李豪  关永贤  宋海斌  张锟  范文豪 《地球物理学进展》2020,(1):303-312

本文基于对南海东北部东沙海域近期采集的多道反射地震资料进行重新处理获得新的地震海洋学数据,分析了该海域内孤立波/内孤立波包、沙丘上方和陡坎附近特殊反射结构特征,从而提供了新的海水层与海底相互作用依据.研究结果表明,除之前已发表文章中地震海洋学资料显示存在的第一模态内孤立波/波包和沙丘上方常见的反射样式-披毛状发射外,地震海洋学资料上还发现了第二模态内孤立波、陡坎上方的上抬型波动反射结构样式.在新的地震海洋学数据中,第一模态内孤立波振幅均小于50 m,宽度上都小于5 km,单个内孤立波的最大振幅约为45 m.内孤立波包的内孤立波振幅都相对较小,均小于40 m,并且与之前不同的是,彼此之间振幅相差不大,没有明显的排列规律.此次地震海洋学数据记录到的第二模态内孤立波,形态较为完整,上层和下层反射的振幅相差不大,在30 m左右;中间层大约在水深130 m位置处,垂向结构的整体大小大于200 m.沙丘上方反射结构普遍存在弱反射层,可能是湍流边界层,并且存在特殊反射样式-披毛状反射.但并不是沙丘上方都存在披毛状反射样式,本文分析它出现在地震海洋学资料上可能是受测线与沙丘走向之间夹角的影响.陡坎区域的水层反射结构则表现为上抬型波动,并常常伴随着同相轴连续性的变化.该波动的大小及反射同相轴的连续性可能取决于陡坎的高度/坡度及水层动力的强度,新数据中出现的一个上抬型波动,高度达20~30 m,它的附近水层还存在一个形态不完整的内孤立波.陡坎附近的水层反射也常常出现弱反射带和小的波动.  相似文献   

基于钻进状态监测的智能工况识别          下载免费PDF全文

范海鹏  吴敏  曹卫华  赖旭芝  陈略峰  陆承达 《探矿工程》2020,47(4):106-113

钻进过程状态监测旨在实时描述钻进工况，判断运行性能优劣程度进行非优追溯，及时指导司钻人员调整作业操作,保证钻进过程安全、高效、稳定开展。钻进工况是钻进系统运行状态的反映，因此开展面向状态监测技术的钻进工况识别研究具有重要的理论和应用价值。本文针对钻进工况识别问题，基于状态监测数据，建立基于支持向量机的钻进工况识别模型，对钻进工况进行识别。综合工况识别结果，对钻进效率进行评估，并对影响钻进效率的因素进行讨论，寻找提升钻进效率的手段。最后，采用钻进现场实钻数据进行仿真实验,验证所提方法的可行性和有效性。  相似文献   

基于RS和GIS的临武县矿山地质环境调查评价          下载免费PDF全文

刘博  姚腾飞  皮建高  周鑫  王璨 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2020,31(1):135-142

本文通过遥感解译和实地核查,查明了临武县主要的矿山地质环境问题,并对矿山地质环境问题和地质环境背景条件进行分析研究,建立矿山地质环境综合评价指标体系,应用"专家打分-层次分析法"确定评价指标权重,根据相关规范确定评价指标等级,建立评价模型。基于ArcGIS平台,对各指标进行信息提取、赋值和叠加运算,再根据综合评价分级标准,得到矿山地质环境综合评价分区图。评价结果与实际调查情况相符,说明建立的评价指标体系较合理。研究成果对临武县矿山地质环境保护与生态文明建设具有重要的参考意义。  相似文献   

建设韧性城乡的技术途径   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郭迅  王波 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(1):52-59

中国地震多发、灾害严重，迫切需要提升抗震能力，实现韧性城乡的建设。本文围绕建设韧性城乡的技术途径，梳理了工程抗震技术发展的历史沿革，阐述了韧性城乡的提出背景。基于震害类比、实验验证和理论分析，总结提炼工程结构抗震能力“散”、“脆、”偏、“单”评估法，指出应以“整而不散”、“延而不脆”、“匀而不偏”、“冗而不单”的传统抗震技术及隔震与消能减震新技术作为实现韧性城乡的技术途径。  相似文献