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声发射观测是岩石摩擦实验中研究强震孕育机制的重要观测手段之一.传统的声发射观测以触发记录为主,难以捕捉并提取微弱的声发射信号.近年来天然地震学中发展的模板匹配技术可以在连续波形记录中识别出微弱的事件,大大提升事件检测能力.本文发展了适用于多通道连续记录的声发射信号的模板匹配技术,并将该技术应用于分析米尺度岩石断层黏滑失稳过程.研究结果显示:模板匹配技术识别出的声发射数量约为传统方法识别的5倍,相对完备震级降低约0.3.临近失稳,检测目录完备震级以上声发射率表现出幂律增加的特征,且声发射事件聚集在失稳破裂起始点附近.失稳后,检测目录完备震级以上声发射率表现出幂律衰减,其中失稳后早期表现出较慢的衰减速度.另外,失稳后早期声发射事件表现出随对数时间沿断层迁移的趋势.最后,通过与天然地震学观测的结果对比表明,声发射模板匹配识别技术是研究大尺度岩石摩擦滑动失稳过程中前震和余震时空演化规律的有效手段,该技术助于在方法上为室内实验和野外观测进行融合研究提供思路. 相似文献
2.
We recorded clear transients in the electric and magnetic fields upon sudden slip in stick–slip experiments on dry, cylindrically shaped, quartz-free rock specimens of basalt and peridotite with a 30° saw-cut (representing a fault) at confining pressures of up to 120 MPa. The amplitudes of the measured electric field signals were always higher at the electrode pair oriented parallel to the strike of the fault than at the pair oriented perpendicular. This anisotropy suggests a preferred electric polarization normal to the slip surface. The transients in the electric and magnetic fields were observed only when the fault slip occurred by stick–slip mode, not by a stable mode of the sliding, and the amplitudes of the electric field signals increased with increasing stress drop. It is suggested that the generation process of the electromagnetic signals is closely related to the characteristic behavior of the fault at the time of the initiation of slip during stick–slip events, probably with respect to the intensity of the signals. We propose that one or both of the following two processes characteristic of the fault at the time of the initiation of slip during stick–slip events are essential for the generation of detectable electromagnetic signals: rapid slip along the simulated fault and separation of the rock masses across the fault. 相似文献
3.
Summary This paper discusses the influence of system stiffness on the dynamic instability of fault surfaces under laboratory conditions for a number of test modes. In conjunction with shear load stiffness, the normal load stiffness, often neglected, is shown to have a considerable effect on the stick-slip process —its presence or absence and its characteristics. Also appropriate stiffnesses are suggested for an earthquake sequence modeled as a growing dislocation. 相似文献
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则木河断裂的现今活动方式及其地形变鉴别标志探讨 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据地壳形变测量资料，探讨了则木河断裂的现今活动方式及其定性的地形变鉴别标志问题。结果表明：则木河断裂的现今活动具有明显的分段性特征，即以大箐为界分为南北两段，北段以粘滑活动为主，南段以蠕滑活动为主；沿则木河断裂带垂直位移速率空间分布特征的显著差异，可以作为鉴别断裂现今活动方式的标志之一，其位移速率的相对大小，可作为鉴别断裂现今活动方式的一种参考标志 相似文献
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A. McGarr 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1994,142(3-4):467-489
Although laboratory stick-slip friction experiments have long been regarded as analogs to natural crustal earthquakes, the potential use of laboratory results for understanding the earthquake source mechanism has not been fully exploited because of essential difficulties in relating seismographic data to measurements made in the controlled laboratory environment. Mining-induced earthquakes, however, provide a means of calibrating the seismic data in terms of laboratory results because, in contrast to natural earthquakes, the causative forces as well as the hypocentral conditions are known. A comparison of stick-slip friction events in a large granite sample with mining-induced earthquakes in South Africa and Canada indicates both similarities and differences between the two phenomena. The physics of unstable fault slip appears to be largely the same for both types of events. For example, both laboratory and mining-induced earthquakes have very low seismic efficiencies
where
a
is the apparent stress and
is the average stress acting on the fault plane to cause slip; nearly all of the energy released by faulting is consumed in overcoming friction. In more detail, the mining-induced earthquakes differ from the laboratory events in the behavior of as a function of seismic momentM
0. Whereas for the laboratory events 0.06 independent ofM
0, depends quite strongly onM
0 for each set of induced earthquakes, with 0.06 serving, apparently, as an upper bound. It seems most likely that this observed scaling difference is due to variations in slip distribution over the fault plane. In the laboratory, a stick-slip event entails homogeneous slip over a fault of fixed area. For each set of induced earthquakes, the fault area appears to be approximately fixed but the slip is inhomogeneous due presumably to barriers (zones of no slip) distributed over the fault plane; at constant
, larger events correspond to larger
a
as a consequence of fewer barriers to slip. If the inequality
a
/
0.06 has general validity, then measurements of
a
=µE
a
/M
0, where is the modulus of rigidity andE
a
is the seismically-radiated energy, can be used to infer the absolute level of deviatoric stress at the hypocenter. 相似文献
8.
在实验室使用红外热像仪和接触式测温仪同步观测记录了压性和张性雁列断层失稳错动前后的热场变化过程.从实验记录中发现，在断层失稳引起温度场和热红外辐射亮温温度场上升之前，在两断层段之间的岩桥区发生降温变化.断层带开始升温发生在失稳前2～3 s内，岩桥区的降温却发生在失稳前约20s，这两个超前时间长度相差近一个量级.此类热场先降后升变化过程在雁列构造变形中有一定的普遍性，可能作为雁列断层失稳错动的热场前兆模式.根据实验观测结果，详细描述了上述热场变化的时间过程及其空间分布特征，分析了产生此种失稳前兆模式的机制，显著异常出现的条件及有利观测部位，讨论了它在地震前兆探索等研究中的意义. 相似文献
9.
了解地震发生的动力学机制是研究地震发震原因的关键,而数值模拟的方法是高速、有效的手段.2011年3月11日日本东北部宫城县发生9.0级大地震,文中以该次大地震所在的日本俯冲带为研究对象,通过使用黏弹性有限元数值模拟,并引用接触对,建立了研究区二维数值模型,模拟俯冲带与上覆板片之间的滑动、黏滞到再滑动的过程,亦即断层失稳发生地震的过程.模拟结果显示,随着太平洋板块不断俯冲,在俯冲带上自发出现了断层闭锁、解锁到再闭锁的黏滑过程,且这种过程呈现一定的准周期性,大事件主要集中分布在20~30 km的深度范围内.根据俯冲带可能在俯冲过程中角度的变化,建立了不同的模型,进行模拟对比研究,结果表明,俯冲带的几何形态,以及俯冲角度变化所在的不同深度,对模拟的结果有不同的影响. 相似文献
10.
G. A. Sobolev A. V. Ponomarev A. V. Koltsov V. B. Smirnov 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1996,147(2):345-355
The experiments were conducted for the study of stick-slip at the contact between two granite blocks. Three cases were studied under the following conditions: 1) the increase of load at a constant rate; 2) the additional application of sinusoidal oscillations in the frequency range from 1 to 30 Hz; 3) subjection to the impulse in the kilohertz frequency range. The imposition of sinusoidal oscillations with the amplitude of 15% of the maximal load caused the reduction of time by 10% for the discussed in terms of durability. The high frequency impulse influence increased this effect and also caused essential changes in the amplitude of elastic oscillations generating during the stick-slip. The trigger phenomena should be integrated in prediction models of the time and magnitude of earthquakes. 相似文献