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1.
Active wildfire seasons in the western U.S. warrant the evaluation of post-fire forest management strategies. Ground-based salvage logging is often used to recover economic loss of burned timber. In unburned forests, ground-based logging often follows best management practices by leaving undisturbed areas near streams called stream buffers. However, the effectiveness of these buffers has not been tested in a post-wildfire setting. This experiment tested buffer width effectiveness with a novel field-simulated rill experiment using sediment-laden runoff (25 g/L) released over 40 min at evenly timed flow rates (50, 100 and 150 L/min) to measure surface runoff travel length and sediment concentration under unburned and high and low soil burn severity conditions at 2-, 10- and 22-month post-fire. High severity areas 2-month post-fire had rill lengths of up to 100 m. Rill length significantly decreased over time as vegetation regrowth provided ground cover. Sediment concentration and sediment dropout rate also varied significantly by soil burn severity. Sediment concentrations were 19 g/L for the highest flow 2-month post-fire and reduced to 6.9–14 g/L 10-month post-fire due to abundant vegetation recovery. The amount of sediment dropping out of the flow consistently increased over the study period with the low burn severity rate of 1.15 g L−1 m−1 approaching the unburned rate of 1.29 g L−1 m−1 by 2-year post-fire. These results suggest that an often-used standard, 15 m buffer, was sufficient to contain surface runoff and reduce sediment concentration on unburned sites, however buffers on high burn severity sites need to be eight times greater (120 m) immediately after wildfire and four times greater (60 m) 1-year post-fire. Low burn severity areas 1-year post-fire may need to be only twice the width of an unburned buffer (30 m), and 2-year post-fire these could return to unburned widths.  相似文献   
2.
Wetlands are vulnerable to groundwater extraction, which has proven detrimental to aquatic ecosystems around the planet. As wetlands rank among the world’s most endangered ecosystems, versatile strategies are required to protect them. This paper provides a modelling-based method to delineate protection buffers in wetlands subject to groundwater extraction. The technique is sufficiently flexible to cater to a wide variety of conditions, and simple enough to underpin management decisions on a daily basis. A numerical model is used to obtain a map of the critical rate of groundwater abstraction, based on the distance between wetlands and suitable discharge thresholds. The outcomes determine the allowed pumping rate at any point under steady and transient-state conditions. A new iteration is developed every time a new pumping allowance is made. This procedure is demonstrated by means of hypothetical scenarios, as well as by a case study application in the Valle del Cauca region, Colombia.  相似文献   
3.
碳酸盐岩的H2CO3溶蚀产生岩溶碳汇,占整个岩石风化碳汇的 94%。西南岩溶区硫酸型酸雨严重,硫酸型酸雨广泛参与碳酸盐岩的溶蚀。H2SO4参与的碳酸盐岩风化是一个大气CO2净释放过程,具有减汇作用巨大。另一方面,岩溶区石灰土壤和地下水具有较高的pH值及盐基饱和度,对H+有巨大的缓冲作用,大气酸沉降在碳酸盐岩地区可能并不会造成地下水的HCO3-和pH降低;相反,较高浓度的SO42-所产生的盐效应和SO2-4与各种阳离子形成的离子对会增大方解石、白云石溶解度,可增强H2CO3对碳酸盐的溶蚀,这可能会使岩溶作用产生更大的碳汇效应。因此,硫酸型酸雨参与碳酸盐岩风化的减汇效应不仅可能被高估,硫酸型酸雨还可能增强碳酸盐岩的H2CO3溶蚀,具有增加岩溶碳汇效应的作用。应结合石灰土壤对大气酸沉降的缓冲容量和阈值及大气酸沉降的H+与土壤中盐基离子的交换量,并综合考虑盐效应、离子对作用、同离子效应,客观评价硫酸型酸雨流经石灰土壤层后对碳酸盐岩溶蚀吸收大气/土壤CO2的影响   相似文献   
4.
Dense understory thickets of the native evergreen shrub Rhododendron maximum expanded initially following elimination of American chestnut by the chestnut blight, and later in response to loss of the eastern hemlock due to hemlock woolly adelgid invasion. Rhododendron thickets often blanket streams and their riparian zones, creating cool, low-light microclimates. To determine the effect of such understory thickets on summer stream temperatures, we removed riparian rhododendron understory on 300 m reaches of two southern Appalachian Mountain headwater streams, while leaving two 300 m reference reaches undisturbed. Overhead canopy was left intact in all four streams, but all streams were selected to have a significant component of dead or dying eastern hemlock in the overstory, creating time-varying canopy gaps throughout the reach. We continuously monitored temperatures upstream, within and downstream of treatment and reference reaches. Temperatures were monitored in all four streams in the summer before treatments were imposed (2014), and for two summers following treatment (2015, 2016). Temperatures varied significantly across and within streams prior to treatment and across years for the reference streams. After rhododendron removal, increases in summer stream temperatures were observed at some locations within the treatment reaches, but these increases did not persist downstream and varied by watershed, sensor, and year. Significant increases in daily maxima in treatment reaches ranged from 0.9 to 2.6°C. Overhead canopy provided enough shade to prevent rhododendron removal from increasing summer temperatures to levels deleterious to native cold-water fauna (average summer temperatures remained below 16°C), and local temperature effects were not persistent.  相似文献   
5.
长株潭地区建设用地扩张遥感时空特征分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用遥感、GIS一体化技术,获取长沙、株洲、湘潭3市(长株潭地区)2000年、2005年和2010年3期陆地卫星图像,提取建设用地扩张及其空间分布信息。运用扩张速度指数和强度指数分别对2000—2010年间10 a变化以及2005年为界的前后两个5 a区域建设用地时序特征进行分析;利用优势度指数分析了区域建设用地扩张的空间趋向性。结果表明:长株潭地区建设用地在不同时期都处于增长的趋势,其中前5 a建设用地扩张速度和强度都要明显高于后5 a。2000—2010年间建设用地面积增加约3.94万hm2,前后2个时期的扩张面积分别占增加总量的57.30%和42.70%。对长株潭地区建设用地扩张进行时空特征分析,认为建设用地扩张引起区域内耕地和林地在数量和空间格局上的变化,城区周围9~12 km范围内耕地极易转入建设用地;2个时期河流附近耕地流入建设用地随距离变化而呈现不同特征;前5 a城区周围林地转入建设用地强度大,距离交通用地3 km附近的林地易转入建设用地。  相似文献   
6.
The ability of a recently proposed seismic isolation system, with inherent self‐stopping mechanism, to mitigate or even eliminate seismic pounding of adjacent structures is investigated under severe near‐fault earthquakes. The isolation system is referred to as roll‐in‐cage (RNC) isolator. It is a rolling‐based isolator that provides in one unit the necessary functions of vertical rigid support, horizontal flexibility with enhanced stability, hysteretic energy dissipation, and resistance to minor vibration loads. In addition, the RNC isolator is distinguished by a self‐stopping (buffer) mechanism to limit the bearing displacement under excitations stronger than a design earthquake or at limited seismic gaps, and a linear gravity‐based self‐recentering mechanism to prevent permanent bearing displacement without causing vertical fluctuation of the isolated structure. A previously developed multifeature SAP2000 model of the RNC isolator is improved in this paper to account for the inherent buffer mechanism's damping. Then, the effectiveness of the isolator's buffer mechanism in limiting peak bearing displacements is studied together with its possibly arising negative influence on the isolation efficiency. After that, the study investigates how to alleviate or even eliminate those possibly arising drawbacks, due to the developed RNC isolator's inner pounding as a result of its buffer activation, to achieve efficient seismic isolation with no direct structure‐to‐structure pounding, considering limited seismic gaps with adjacent structures and near‐fault earthquakes. The results show that the RNC isolator could be an efficient solution for aseismic design in near‐fault zones considering limited seismic gaps. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
7.
为提升太湖缓冲带林带的生态功能,减少入湖污染负荷,采用人工草坪替代林下杂草的方式,建立林草复合带.选取白三叶(Trifolium repens)、红花酢浆草(Oxalis corymbosa)、麦冬(Ophiopogon japonicus)、马蹄金(Dichondra erpens)和狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)5种草坪,在典型缓冲带林地按间距25 cm统一移栽种植.采用定位监测的方法分析草坪的生长特征与发展趋势.结果表明:2011-2014年期间,除狗牙根无法形成稳定的种群被杂草取代外,其他4种草坪均能正常生长,并形成优势种群;4种草坪中,以麦冬和马蹄金生长状况最好,生物量、盖度、均一性和青绿期综合指标等级较高,其次是白三叶;红花酢浆草种群不稳定,受水热的影响大.  相似文献   
8.
断裂和某些特殊的岩体等地质要素通常与成矿作用密切相关,寻找其空间位置与成矿的关系是一项值得研究的内容,但目前尚缺乏定量分析的有力工具。这里利用证据法和MAP-GIS的空间分析功能,实现了线缓冲区与矿点分布的空间关系的定量分析,介绍了应用原理和实现的技术流程,讨论了实现的关键技术,并以云南维西为例展示了应用效果。  相似文献   
9.
The loss of beach sand from berm and dune due to high waves and surge is a universal phenomenon associated with sporadic storm activities. To protect the development in a coastal hazard zone, hard structures or coastal setback have been established in many countries around the world. In this paper, the requirement of a storm beach buffer, being a lesser extent landward comparing with the coastal setback to ensure the safety of infrastructures, is numerically assessed using the SBEACH model for three categories of wave conditions in terms of storm return period, median sand grain size, berm width, and design water level. Two of the key outputs from the numerical calculations, berm retreat and bar formation offshore, are then analysed, as well as beach profile change. After having performed a series of numerical studies on selected large wave tank (LWT) test results with monochromatic waves using SBEACH, we may conclude that: (1) Berm erosion increases and submerged bar develops further offshore as the storm return period increases for beach with a specific sand grain size, or as the sand grain reduces on a beach under the action of identical wave condition; (2) Higher storm waves yield a large bar to form quicker and subsequently cause wave breaking on the bar crest, which can reduce the wave energy and limit the extent of the eroding berm; (3) A larger buffer width is required for a beach comprising small sand grain, in order to effectively absorb storm wave energy; and (4) Empirical relationships can be tentatively proposed to estimate the storm beach buffer width, from the input of wave conditions and sediment grain size. These results would benefit a beach nourishment project for shore protection or design of a recreational beach.  相似文献   
10.
对于十分规则的道路网(城市道路)来说构造网眼是十分容易的,且得到的道路网眼完整性较高,然而对于乡村道路,由于数据采集习惯或数据质量的影响,道路在居民地附近容易断开,导致计算机不能构造完整的网眼。本文针对这个问题,提出了利用居民地聚类和缓冲区分析的方法辅助道路网眼的构建,从而提高了乡镇郊区道路网眼的完整性,为采用网眼合并的方式进行综合的方法,以及各种基于网眼的空间分析提供了有效支撑。  相似文献   
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