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能量的消耗模式是动物适合度的重要体现,动物的日常行为和栖息地特征共同影响日能量消耗.稻田生境是越冬水鸟重要的觅食场所之一,同时又容易受到人为干扰,越冬水鸟应对日间不同的人为干扰因素而合理进行能量消耗配置,对于在越冬后期为迁徙而贮备能量的水鸟来说尤为迫切和重要.本文采用焦点动物取样法,观测越冬后期稻田中小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)在干扰和非干扰环境中昼间行为的时间分配,推算其能量消耗.结果表明,小天鹅在干扰环境中警戒行为的时间分配和能量消耗、单次警戒时间和警戒频次均显著大于非干扰环境,游泳频次也是如此;在稻田中的昼间警戒能耗随干扰时间增加而增加,随干扰距离增加而降低.干扰造成小天鹅减少高能耗的取食行为,增加低能耗的警戒行为,降低昼间总能量的消耗. 相似文献
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升金湖是长江中下游地区典型的浅水通江湖泊,是东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线上水鸟重要的越冬地. 2017年11月-2018年3月,以该湖泊越冬鸭属(Anas)鸟类为研究对象,对其在芦苇湿地、芡实塘、退耕还湿和水生植被恢复湿地4种湿地生境中的群落结构、行为特征及其环境影响因素进行了研究. 结果表明,升金湖分布有10种越冬鸭属鸟类,斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)、绿翅鸭(A. crecca)和绿头鸭(A. platyrhynchos)为该属鸟类群落的优势种. 鸭属鸟类群落在越冬前期种类和数量最多,在整个越冬期,鸭属鸟类在芦苇湿地中种数、数量、密度和多样性指数最高. 在水生植物盖度高、人为活动弱的芦苇湿地,鸭类的主要行为是休息;在食物资源丰富、人为活动强的芡实塘和退耕还湿湿地,其主要行为是觅食和警戒. 鸭属鸟类群落种数、数量、密度和多样性指数与湿地的面积、水域面积、水生植物盖度呈正相关,与干扰度和水深呈负相关. 觅食时间与气温和沉水植物的盖度呈正相关,与水深和干扰度呈负相关,警戒时间与干扰度呈正相关,与挺水植物的盖度呈负相关. 各种恢复类型的湿地生境成为越冬鸭属鸟类的重要栖息地,因此恢复多种湿地栖息地对于越冬水鸟的保护具有重要意义. 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThe scientific literature has focused on uncertainty as randomness, while limited credit has been given to what we call here the “seventh facet of uncertainty”, i.e. lack of knowledge. This paper identifies three types of lack of understanding: (i) known unknowns, which are things we know we don’t know; (ii) unknown unknowns, which are things we don’t know we don’t know; and (iii) wrong assumptions, things we think we know, but we actually don’t know. Here we discuss each of these with reference to the study of the dynamics of human–water systems, which is one of the main topics of Panta Rhei, the current scientific decade of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), focusing on changes in hydrology and society. In the paper, we argue that interdisciplinary studies of socio-hydrological dynamics leading to a better understanding of human–water interactions can help in coping with wrong assumptions and known unknowns. Also, being aware of the existence of unknown unknowns, and their potential capability to generate surprises or black swans, suggests the need to complement top-down approaches, based on quantitative predictions of water-related hazards, with bottom-up approaches, based on societal vulnerabilities and possibilities of failure.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor S. Weijs 相似文献
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2019年11月9日—2020年1月20日在甘肃省张掖国家湿地公园4个湖域采取目标动物取样法,观察并记录了不同湖域越冬水鸟的警戒行为和游客人数,分析了水鸟对人为干扰响应的个体差异及其影响因素。本研究共调查到水鸟15种,隶属于5目5科11属。结果表明:不同湖域越冬水鸟的种类和数量呈极显著差异(P<0.01),其中鸳鸯湖和润泽湖的水鸟种类和数量较多(P<0.01),人工湖和如意湖的水鸟种类和数量较少(P<0.01);水鸟的反应距离、耐受距离在不同水域间呈极显著差异(P<0.01),惊飞距离在不同水域间无显著差异(P>0.05)。游客人数与水鸟警戒距离呈显著负相关(P<0.05),但与耐受距离和惊飞距离无显著相关性(P>0.05)。单因素方差分析结果表明,不同水鸟的反应距离、耐受距离和惊飞距离均存在极显著的种间差异性(P<0.01),其中渔鸥的反应距离最大,小??的反应距离最小(P<0.05);绿头鸭的耐受距离最大,凤头??的耐受距离最小(P<0.05);苍鹭的惊飞距离最大,绿头鸭的惊飞距离最小(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,惊飞距离与水鸟的体长呈极显著正相关(P<0.05),与耐受距离无显著相关性(P>0.05)。 相似文献
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丹顶鹤越冬期在人工湿地的夜栖分布 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在盐城国家级自然保护区人工湿地内,通过对丹顶鹤越冬期间夜栖地的调查,得出鹤群夜栖分布及其动态规律,并提出对该种群与夜栖地的管理措施。该项工作主要借助望远镜、GPS.照相机,采用直接计数法统计数量和利用文献资料数据。结果表明:人工湿地中丹顶鹤的夜栖分布随着环境的改变而改变,其中安全度和水位为其主要限制因子。因此控制人工湿地冬季水位,保护栖息环境不受人为影响是丹顶鹤安全越冬的主要保护措施。 相似文献
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ABSTRACTThe scientific literature has focused on uncertainty as randomness, while limited credit has been given to what we call here the “seventh facet of uncertainty”, i.e. lack of knowledge. This paper identifies three types of lack of understanding: (i) known unknowns, which are things we know we don’t know; (ii) unknown unknowns, which are things we don’t know we don’t know; and (iii) wrong assumptions, things we think we know, but we actually don’t know. Here we discuss each of these with reference to the study of the dynamics of human–water systems, which is one of the main topics of Panta Rhei, the current scientific decade of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), focusing on changes in hydrology and society. In the paper, we argue that interdisciplinary studies of socio-hydrological dynamics leading to a better understanding of human–water interactions can help in coping with wrong assumptions and known unknowns. Also, being aware of the existence of unknown unknowns, and their potential capability to generate surprises or black swans, suggests the need to complement top-down approaches, based on quantitative predictions of water-related hazards, with bottom-up approaches, based on societal vulnerabilities and possibilities of failure.
Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor S. Weijs 相似文献
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为厘清渭河越冬水鸟年度变化情况及各种人为干扰对越冬水鸟的影响,2016—2018年对渭河咸阳至宝鸡段越冬水鸟进行了监测。结果表明:(1)该区域共记录越冬水鸟33种,隶属于7目12科25属,其中国家重点保护鸟类6种;(2)雁形目鸭科鸟类物种最多,达15种,水鸟优势种为赤麻鸭、斑嘴鸭、绿翅鸭、绿头鸭、普通秋沙鸭;(3)2018年Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀性指数均最高,2016年水鸟群落的丰富度指数最高;(4)人为干扰对水鸟的影响较大,但多以中度干扰和较弱干扰为主,在人为干扰和非人为干扰状态下,水鸟物种数差异不显著,水鸟总数量差异显著。在不同干扰类型下,水鸟物种数差异显著,水鸟总数量差异不显著。 相似文献
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