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1.
本文首先提出了河流泥沙输移过程中泥沙中的钙镁矿物溶蚀消耗水体中的CO2并具有碳汇功能的观点。基于前人长江干流从源头到入海口和支流2003~2007年期间4次河流悬移质泥沙的化学元素组成和矿物组成资料,分析悬移质中CaO、MgO含量和方解石、白云石含量变化特征,定量计算了这些取样点悬移质泥沙的CO2总碳汇能力和非永久性、永久性碳汇能力,分析了不同碳汇能力沿程变化规律及其原因。碳汇计算结果表明:寸滩—大通河段1956~2000年期间泥沙输移过程中钙镁矿物溶蚀产生的总碳汇量、非永久性和永久性碳汇量分别为2572万t/a、1700万t/a和872万t/a。由于输沙量减少,寸滩站—大通站河段的总碳汇量、非永久性和永久性碳汇量2006~2019年期间较1956~2000年期间相应分别减少了1852万t、1224万t和872万t。三峡水库年均淤积量1. 145亿t,损失总碳汇量675. 6万t,相当于三峡电站减排二氧化碳8580万t的7. 9%。全球河流入海年输沙量126. 1亿t,以寸滩- 吴淞口河段碳汇功能0. 060 t/t计,总碳汇量7. 57亿t相当于全球岩石风化碳汇总量10. 56亿t CO2的71. 6%。河流泥沙输移过程中钙镁矿物溶蚀的碳汇量具有重要的作用,其溶蚀速率大于原地风化。  相似文献   
2.
黄铁矿是重要的金属硫化物矿物,在多种矿床中均有产出,其标型特征对矿床成因、矿体空间分布等具有重要的指示意义。以扬子板块西缘攀西地区白草矿区黄铁矿为研究对象,利用矿相学、电子探针等分析方法来对比研究浸染状、致密块状、斑杂状、网脉状矿石中黄铁矿的标型元素特征。结果表明:白草矿区黄铁矿Fe、S平均含量(质量分数,下同)分别为46.030%、52.815%,介于岩浆成因与热液成因之间,根据矿石特征,黄铁矿以岩浆成因为主,并有少量热液作用参与;将白草矿区黄铁矿δFe-δS特征与金川等典型铜镍硫化物矿床黄铁矿对比,表明白草矿区黄铁矿为典型的岩浆熔离型;由于存在钒钛磁铁矿,Co/Ni值多小于5,说明钒钛磁铁矿与硫化物存在共生关系;岩浆内生成因黄铁矿S/Se值小于15000,白草矿区黄铁矿S/Se值为812~10466,显示白草矿区黄铁矿为岩浆内生成因;Se/Te值随温度降低而升高,显示上述4类矿石黄铁矿结晶顺序为浸染状矿石→致密块状矿石→斑杂状矿石→网脉状矿石;原始地幔标准化主量、微量元素蛛网图显示白草矿区黄铁矿兼具岩浆成因与热液成因。综上所述,攀西地区白草矿区黄铁矿成因主要以岩浆熔离作用为主,并含有少量热液作用。  相似文献   
3.
黄河流域地下水资源状况及其生态环境问题   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
黄河流域是中国重要的生态屏障和经济地带,上中下游面临着不同生态环境问题,水在生态环境问题的形成演化过程中起着重要作用。本文从黄河流域地下水动态特征、地下水资源的数量、质量及开发利用等方面,分析了黄河流域地下水资源及饮水安全状况。黄河流域年度地下水资源量393.55亿m~3,银川平原、河套平原等7处主要平原(盆地)地下水资源量为81.91亿m~3,占比超过20%;黄河流域地下水质量以Ⅰ~Ⅳ类为主,劣质地下水主要受总硬度、硫酸盐、铁、溶解性总固体等天然原生组分影响,砷、氟、硒、碘等原生组分超标是流域部分地区地下水饮水安全的主要威胁;2020年与2019年同期相比,黄河流域地下水位呈上游稳定、中游局部上升、下游下降的态势,主要地下水降落漏斗形态基本稳定。针对黄河源区、宁蒙河套平原等重点区段,分析了存在的主要生态环境问题,提出了全面开展流域水文地质与水资源调查评价,深入开展黄河流域及重点地区水平衡分析等工作建议。  相似文献   
4.
5.
The variability of rainfall-dependent streamflow at catchment scale modulates many ecosystem processes in wet temperate forests. Runoff in small mountain catchments is characterized by a quick response to rainfall pulses which affects biogeochemical fluxes to all downstream systems. In wet-temperate climates, water erosion is the most important natural factor driving downstream soil and nutrient losses from upland ecosystems. Most hydrochemical studies have focused on water flux measurements at hourly scales, along with weekly or monthly samples for water chemistry. Here, we assessed how water and element flows from broad-leaved, evergreen forested catchments in southwestern South America, are influenced by different successional stages, quantifying runoff, sediment transport and nutrient fluxes during hourly rainfall events of different intensities. Hydrograph comparisons among different successional stages indicated that forested catchments differed in their responses to high intensity rainfall, with greater runoff in areas covered by secondary forests (SF), compared to old-growth forest cover (OG) and dense scrub vegetation (CH). Further, throughfall water was greatly nutrient enriched for all forest types. Suspended sediment loads varied between successional stages. SF catchments exported 455 kg of sediments per ha, followed by OG with 91 kg/ha and CH with 14 kg/ha, corresponding to 11 rainfall events measured from December 2013 to April 2014. Total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) concentrations in stream water also varied with rainfall intensity. In seven rainfall events sampled during the study period, CH catchments exported less nutrients (46 kg/ha TN and 7 kg/ha TP) than SF catchments (718 kg/ha TN and 107 kg/ha TP), while OG catchments exported intermediate sediment loads (201 kg/ha TN and 23 kg/ha TP). Further, we found significant effects of successional stage attributes (vegetation structure and soil physical properties) and catchment morphometry on runoff and sediment concentrations, and greater nutrients retention in OG and CH catchments. We conclude that in these southern hemisphere, broad-leaved evergreen temperate forests, hydrological processes are driven by multiple interacting phenomena, including climate, vegetation, soils, topography, and disturbance history.  相似文献   
6.
We introduce the freely available web-based Water in an Agricultural Landscape—NUčice Database (WALNUD) dataset that includes both hydrological and meteorological records at the Nučice experimental catchment (0.53 km2), which is representative of an intensively farmed landscape in the Czech Republic. The Nučice experimental catchment was established in 2011 for the observation of rainfall–runoff processes, soil erosion processes, and water balance of a cultivated landscape. The average altitude is 401 m a.s.l., the mean land slope is 3.9%, and the climate is humid continental (mean annual temperature 7.9°C, annual precipitation 630 mm). The catchment is drained by an artificially straightened stream and consists of three fields covering over 95% of the area which are managed by two different farmers. The typical crops are winter wheat, rapeseed, and alfalfa. The installed equipment includes a standard meteorological station, several rain gauges distributed across the basin, and a flume with an H-type facing that is used to monitor stream discharge, water turbidity, and basic water quality indicators. Additionally, the groundwater level and soil water content at various depths near the stream are recorded. Recently, large-scale soil moisture monitoring efforts have been introduced with the installation of two cosmic-ray neutron sensors for soil moisture monitoring. The datasets consist of observed variables (e.g. measured precipitation, air temperature, stream discharge, and soil moisture) and are available online for public use. The cross-seasonal, open access datasets at this small-scale agricultural catchment will benefit not only hydrologists but also local farmers.  相似文献   
7.
The removal of native forest affects stream characteristics, processes, and organisms at the local scale. We compared the structure of fish assemblages between microbasins impacted by deforestation and those in pristine condition in the Amazonian Machado River basin, Brazil. Fish were collected with seine and dip nets along an 80-m stretch of 28 streams. At each site, we recorded physical, chemical, and land-water ecotone variables. We collected 6,586 specimens of 109 species, being 39 and 18 of them exclusively of forested and deforested streams, respectively. Non-significant differences were found for abundance and species richness between forested and deforested streams. A total of four main trophic groups were identified. Carnivores were more abundant in forested streams, whereas herbivores, omnivores and detritivores species were the most abundant in deforested streams. The deforested streams showed higher abundance and richness of algae and periphyton consumers, while forested streams presented higher abundance and richness of invertebrate consumers. Forested streams presented longer foodchains, higher occurrence and abundance of species that have more specialized habits and are intolerant to degraded environments, whereas generalist and tolerant species predominated in deforested streams. We conclude that species composition in Amazonian streams predictably responds to the degree of forest cover.  相似文献   
8.
Investigating the performance that can be achieved with different hydrological models across catchments with varying characteristics is a requirement for identifying an adequate model for any catchment, gauged or ungauged, just based on information about its climate and catchment properties. As parameter uncertainty increases with the number of model parameters, it is important not only to identify a model achieving good results but also to aim at the simplest model still able to provide acceptable results. The main objective of this study is to identify the climate and catchment properties determining the minimal required complexity of a hydrological model. As previous studies indicate that the required model complexity varies with the temporal scale, the study considers the performance at the daily, monthly, and annual timescales. In agreement with previous studies, the results show that catchments located in arid areas tend to be more difficult to model. They therefore require more complex models for achieving an acceptable performance. For determining which other factors influence model performance, an analysis was carried out for four catchment groups (snowy, arid, and eastern and western catchments). The results show that the baseflow and aridity indices are the most consistent predictors of model performance across catchment groups and timescales. Both properties are negatively correlated with model performance. Other relevant predictors are the fraction of snow in the annual precipitation (negative correlation with model performance), soil depth (negative correlation with model performance), and some other soil properties. It was observed that the sign of the correlation between the catchment characteristics and model performance varies between clusters in some cases, stressing the difficulties encountered in large sample analyses. Regarding the impact of the timescale, the study confirmed previous results indicating that more complex models are needed for shorter timescales.  相似文献   
9.
Base flows are important for tropical regions with pronounced dry seasons, which are facing increasing water demands. Base flow generation, however, is one of the most challenging hydrological processes to characterize in the tropics. In many years during the May–December wet season in the Panama Canal Watershed (PCW), base flows in rivers abruptly increase. This increase persists until the start of the December–April dry season. Understanding this unusual base flow jump (BFJ) behaviour is critical to improve water provisioning in the seasonal tropics, especially during droughts and extended dry seasons. This study developed an integrated approach combining piecewise regression on cumulative average base flow and sensitivity analysis to calculate the timing and magnitude of BFJ. Rainfall, forest cover, mean land surface slope, catchment area, and estimated subsurface storage were tested as predictors for the occurrence and magnitude of the BFJs in seven subcatchments of the PCW. Sensitivity analysis on correlated predictors allowed ranking of predictor contributions due to isolated and cross-correlation effects. Correlations between observed BFJs and BFJs predicted by watershed and rainfall-related predictors were 0.92 and 0.65 for BFJ timing and magnitude, respectively. Forest cover was the second most significant predictor after cumulative rainfall for jump magnitude, owing to larger subsurface storage and groundwater recharge in forests than pastures. Catchments in the mountainous eastern PCW always generated larger jumps due to their higher rainfall and greater forest cover than the western PCW catchments. The cross-correlations between predictors contributed to more than 50% of the jump variances. The results demonstrate the importance of rainfall gradient and catchment characteristics in affecting the sudden and sustained BFJs, which can help inform land management decisions intended to enhance water supplies in the tropics. This study underscores the need for more research to further understand the hydrological processes involved in the BFJ phenomenon, including better BFJ models and field characterizations, to help improve tropical ecosystem services under a changing environment.  相似文献   
10.
The time it takes water to travel through a catchment, from when it enters as rain and snow to when it leaves as streamflow, may influence stream water quality and catchment sensitivity to environmental change. Most studies that estimate travel times do so for only a few, often rain-dominated, catchments in a region and use relatively short data records (<10 years). A better understanding of how catchment travel times vary across a landscape may help diagnose inter-catchment differences in water quality and response to environmental change. We used comprehensive and long-term observations from the Turkey Lakes Watershed Study in central Ontario to estimate water travel times for 12 snowmelt-dominated headwater catchments, three of which were impacted by forest harvesting. Chloride, a commonly used water tracer, was measured in streams, rain, snowfall and as dry atmospheric deposition over a 31 year period. These data were used with a lumped convolution integral approach to estimate mean water travel times. We explored relationships between travel times and catchment characteristics such as catchment area, slope angle, flowpath length, runoff ratio and wetland coverage, as well as the impact of harvesting. Travel time estimates were then used to compare differences in stream water quality between catchments. Our results show that mean travel times can be variable for small geographic areas and are related to catchment characteristics, in particular flowpath length and wetland cover. In addition, forest harvesting appeared to decrease mean travel times. Estimated mean travel times had complex relationships with water quality patterns. Results suggest that biogeochemical processes, particularly those present in wetlands, may have a greater influence on water quality than catchment travel times.  相似文献   
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