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富营养化浅水湖泊沉水水生植被的衰退与恢复 总被引：37，自引：4，他引：37
对国外近年来有关富营养化浅水湖泊的退化与恢复方面的研究进展以及生物操纵作用作了述评，对有关富营养化湖泊沉水植被衰退的有代表性的３种假说也作了介绍。根据“八五”期间武汉东湖水生植被重建的研究工作和多年积累的湖泊水生植被调查资料，提出了长江中下游浅湖富营养化过程中沉水植被演替的模式。 相似文献
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In a novel biomanipulation experiment salmonids were used as a tool to improve water quality. The manipulation was initiated in spring 2000 as a response to non-point sources of phosphorus in a drinking water reservoir in Saxony, Germany. Salmonids (brown trout, Salmo trutta forma lacustris) were chosen as predators as the reservoir has a large hypolimnic water body and surface temperatures rarely exceed 20 °C. The vertical distributions of prey fish and brown trout were analysed with a fleet of vertical gill nets set in the pelagic zone of the reservoir. Consumption of brown trout was estimated by means of a bioenergetic model and the diet analyses of the trout. While the dominant planktivore (roach, Rutilus rutilus) was caught almost exclusively in the epilimnion during the stratification period trout were caught mainly below a depth of 10 m. Diet analysis revealed that the trout performed vertical migrations to consume food in the epilimnic layer, as an important food component were adult terrestrial and aquatic insects. The amount of fish in the food increased strongly with the size of the brown trout. The consumption estimate suggested that the trout had consumed 2-3% of the total roach stock during the study period (May-November 2000) of the first year of biomanipulation. We conclude that in general salmonids are suitable for food-web manipulation in deep reservoirs, but the stocked fish should be as large as possible (> 300 mm) and the proportion of large trout (> 500 mm) should be as high as possible. 相似文献
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Fish exclosures were deployed within shallow, eutrophic Lake Rotoroa, Hamilton, New Zealand to assess the influence of an alien‐dominated fish population on establishment by charophytes. Replicated mesh exclosures were placed at sites differing in wave exposure and received transplanted charophyte oospores and plants, with identical material placed outside. Charophyte establishment from oospores and plant biomass were greater inside exclosures compared with outside. Wave exposure did not depress germling response and the effect of fish exclosures on charophyte establishment was least apparent at the most exposed site. Exclosures did not have a statistically significant influence on the light climate, and epiphytic algal development was similar or higher inside the exclosures. However, sediment mobilisation was lower inside the exclosures. Results suggest that fish were primarily responsible for the poor performance of unprotected charophytes in Lake Rotoroa, with fish effects on plants operating via direct disturbance or grazing. 相似文献
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鱼类控藻是常用的生物控藻技术之一，其前提需明确水体中鱼类群落结构及分布特征.为科学调整渔洞水库鱼类群落结构，制定合理的生物操纵策略，2013年7月运用Simrad EY60型分裂波束回声探测仪对该水库进行了水声学探测，在结合多网目复合刺网（网目=8.5、4.0、12.5、2.0、11.0、1.6、2.5、4.8、3.1、1.0、7.5和6.0 cm）取样的基础上，研究了水库鱼类群落结构及其空间分布特征，并初步探讨了影响渔洞水库鱼类空间分布的关键因素.调查中在渔洞水库共采集到鱼类5科12种，其平均密度为638.4±310.2 ind./1000 m3.鱼类在水库中呈不均匀分布，库首、库中、库湾及库尾鱼类密度分别为521.5±371.3、561.9±189.2、653.7±323.7和1137.1±90.4 ind./1000 m3，呈逐渐增大趋势，且库尾鱼类的平均个体要大于库首、库中和库湾；在垂直方向上，97.6%的鱼类都分布在水面以下0~10 m的水层，深度超过10 m的水层，鱼类所占比例只有2.4%；0~20 m水层鱼类的平均目标强度最大（-58.6 dB），20~40 m水层鱼类平均目标强度最小（-63.9 dB）.MRT预测模型表明影响鱼类空间分布的关键环境因子为水温和水深.基于渔洞水库的鱼类组成和空间分布特征，建议一方面加大鲢、鳙放养量，另一方面从所属水系引进中上层土著肉食性鱼类来调整鱼类群落结构，控制藻类生物量. 相似文献
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四种淡水贝的摄食率和耗氧率的实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了4种淡水贝褶纹冠蚌、背角无齿蚌、河蚬、铜锈环棱螺的摄食率和耗氧率.摄食率的测定采用血球计数板直接计数法,耗氧率的测定采用winkler碘量法.结果表明:温度对4种贝摄食率均有显著影响,在一定的适宜温度范围内,摄食率随温度的升高而加大,到一定温度时达到最大值;以单一藻类为食时,铜锈环棱螺的摄食率最大,4种贝对栅藻和微囊藻均无选择性,其摄食率无显著性差异;当以混合藻类为食时,褶纹冠蚌、背角无齿蚌和河蚬的摄食率均大于以单一藻类为食时的摄食率,而铜锈环棱螺对微囊藻的摄食则受到了抑制.用双曲线模型OC=DO/(K1 K2×DO)评估贝类对低溶氧环境的适应能力,结果表明,铜锈环棱螺的控氧能力较强. 相似文献
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武汉东湖微囊藻水华形成及消失原因的探讨——围圈放养实验 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
采用围圈试验的方法,将东湖微囊藻水华的形成和消失过程重现。根据有关生物调控(Biomanipulation)的原理,我们设计了鲢鳙草鱼的放养试验。实验结果表明:放养鲢鳙的围圈,水华在很短时间(约15天)内消失,放养草鱼的围圈,水华几乎不受影响,而没有放养的围圈,其水华日趋浓厚。这一结果显示出滤食性鱼类对围圈内浮游生物群落结构的影响是巨大的。在实验过程中通过测定碳、氮、磷等营养元素的变化,重点探讨了它们对微囊藻水华形成与消失过程的影响。 相似文献
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Peter Kasprzak Rainer KoschelLothar Krienitz Thomas GonsiorczykKarl Anwand Uwe LaudeKlaus Wysujack Henry BrachThomas Mehner 《Limnologica》2003,33(3):190-204
The Feldberger Haussee, a highly eutrophic stratified hard-water lake located in the eastern part of Germany's Baltic lake district, was selected for a restoration programme combining external nutrient loading reduction and long-term biomanipulation. In 1980 the external phosphorus loading (1.8 g TP m−2 a−1) decreased by 90%, but water quality did not improve significantly within the following 6 years. In 1985 biomanipulation was initiated, with manual removal of cyprinid fish coupled with piscivore introductions as the principal measures. The expected changes in the pelagic community and improvements of water quality occurred after a delay of several years. Despite intensive manual removal of cyprinids and stocking of piscivores, standing stocks of cyprinid fish remained relatively high (130-260 kg ww ha−1) after some years of decline. Compared to the pre-biomanipulation period, mean seasonal (May-September) Daphnia spp. biomass roughly doubled (0.037 g C m−3vs. 0.084 g C m−3). However, the predominance of small (<1 mm) D. cucullata throughout the whole investigation period indicated that planktivory was still substantial. Paired observations between edible phytoplankton biomass and Daphnia spp. indicated that a significant decline in algal stocks would only occur if herbivorous biomass was above a certain threshold (0.2 g C m−3). Reduced external and internal loading in concert with pelagic calcite precipitation were most likely responsible for the decline in lake phosphorus concentrations, thereby substantially improving the water quality of Feldberger Haussee. Although this is not supported by quantitative evidence, we hypothesize that resource-related water quality improvements were caused by changes in the structure of the pelagic community leading to increased calcite precipitation. In agreement with the results of other investigations, we conclude that because stabilising mechanisms such as macrophyte growth were lacking in Feldberger Haussee, biomanipulation in stratified lakes may not be as successful as has been observed in shallow lakes. However, in hard-water lakes, calcite precipitation may act as another stabilising resource-related mechanism. Phosphorus associated with sedimenting calcite particles is insensitive to redox-conditions and may therefore not be re-mobilised from lake sediments even if hypolimnetic oxygen is depleted. 相似文献
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天目湖沙河水库水质对流域开发与保护的响应 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用长期水质监测资料,对苏南地区天目湖沙河水库十多年来的开发与保护工作的水库水质影响情况进行了分析.结果发现:大规模放养鳙鱼等不合理的渔业开发对水库硅藻、蓝藻等浮游植物异常增殖有较大的促进作用;在营养盐处于中富营养水平下,利用不同食性鱼类的组合调控,能够较快地抑制浮游植物的异常增殖,但当浮游植物生物量下降到一定程度以后,其控制能力下降,营养盐和气候因子的影响变得更为重要;流域的旅游开发和农业开发都对水库营养盐、透明度等水质指标产生较大影响,特别是坡地大规模茶叶种植等农业开发对水库氮的影响十分明显;春季少雨等气候变化因子对水库氮等营养盐浓度影响较大,但影响是短时段的.研究表明,合理调控水库渔业养殖,控制流域农业、旅游等开发活动强度,减少农业化肥施用量,恢复和扩大湿地等流域营养盐削减途径,是沙河水库水质保护的关键,也对同类水库水质保护具有示范价值. 相似文献
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分析了生物操纵(biomanipulation)和非经典生物操纵(non-traditional biomanipulation)理论的原理、应用条件及局限性,提出了在局部水体治理湖泊富营养化的对策.分析认为:生物操纵的核心内容是利用浮游动物控制藻类;但浮游动物不能有效控制丝状藻类和形成群体的蓝藻水华;我国的大型浅水湖泊浮游动物数量一般并不多,对浮游植物摄食压力不大;在浅水湖泊,浮游动物摄食藻类后很快分解、释放又进入物质循环,因此不能治理湖泊富营养化;浮游动物是浮游植物和鱼类等经济水生动物之间重要的营养通道,过分追求保护浮游动物是值得思考和研究的问题.而非经典生物操纵的核心内容是利用鱼类直接控制蓝藻水华;当鲢、鳙鱼达到阈值密度可以控制蓝藻水华,但很难控制所有藻类和降低N、P治理湖泊富营养化.在局部水体治理湖泊富营养化的对策是:把鱼类控藻、水生植被恢复和局部水域生态系统重建相结合,形成具有利用与控制蓝藻生产鱼类、吸收氮磷净化水质功能的"水质生物调控单元". 相似文献
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对藻类水华的生态控制区分为欧美学者提出的经典生物操纵和我国学者提出的非经典生物操纵，前者依赖浮游动物，可用来控制小型藻类，后者依赖滤食性鱼类，可用来控制形成群体的蓝藻（特别是微囊藻）。武汉东湖是一个富营养化城市湖泊，30余年未发生水华，2021年突然暴发微囊藻水华，一度覆盖湖面近87%。东湖生态站通过对长期监测数据的分析发现，东湖目前的营养水平仍然适合蓝藻的暴发，而短期内又无法进一步有效削减营养盐负荷，因此，基于非经典生物操纵的理论（合理配置本土的滤食性鲢、鳙），实施了定量化的生物控藻方案，结果控藻成效显著，在极端高温干旱的2022年并未发生蓝藻水华，即将东湖生态系统从水华（浊水）稳态迅速切换到了非水华稳态，完成了一种新的稳态转换，获得了经典生物操纵从未有过的成功。非经典生物操纵理论的有效性通过全湖实验得到了验证，证明它提供了一种对环境友好、成本极低且颇为有效的控制富营养湖泊中形成群体蓝藻水华的方法，具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
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