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1.
S. P. Villacorta K. G. Evans K. Nakatani I. Villanueva 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2020,67(3):425-436
AbstractLarge debris flows in steep-sloped ravines debouching to the Rimac River, in metropolitan Lima (Peruvian capital), have resulted in considerable loss of life and property adversely impacting communities in the region. Temporal, spatial and volumetric features of debris flows are difficult to predict, and it is of utmost importance that achievable management solutions are found to reduce the impact of these catastrophic events. The emotional and economic toll of these debris flows on this increasingly densely populated capital city in South America is devastating where communities must live in such inadequate and dangerous conditions. To address this problem, the application of advanced Japanese technology, Sustainable Actions Basin Orientation (SABO), has been investigated using a geomorphological modelling to develop an implementation plan. Rayos de Sol stream basin in Chosica, was selected as a pilot to develop the proposal, as it is considered high risk due to the presence of ancient debris flows and recent flows in 2012, 2015 and 2017. The recurrence of debris flows in this location has resulted in numerous deaths and catastrophic property losses. This study combines geologic and geomorphic mapping and hydraulic and landform evolution numerical modelling. The implementation of a SABO Master Plan based on the multidisciplinary assessment hazard scenarios, will allow the implementation of feasible mitigation actions. The SABO technology has been applied successfully in Japan and other countries in areas with steep short slopes, similar to the conditions surrounding the Peruvian capital. Results from this study will be presented to the Peruvian Government as part of an action plan to manage debris-flow impact.
- KEY POINTS
High-risk mass slope failure is linked to poor urban planning in urban developing regions of Lima the capital of Peru.
A multidisciplinary study including geotechnical and hydrological analysis, engineering design, and socio-economic research is required to implement a SABO Master Plan, and this basin is pilot study basin.
At the present time, a maintenance programme for existing hydraulic structures should be implemented, and a flood risk management plan developed may propose the relocation of some communities and infrastructure.
2.
在巢湖西北半湖近岸带设置大型围隔研究秋季连续打捞蓝藻对湖泊温室气体通量的影响,应用YL-1000型大型仿生式水面蓝藻清除设备进行原位打捞蓝藻,通过便携式温室气体分析仪-静态箱法对大型围隔内水-气界面CH4、CO2通量特征及其影响因素进行观测.结果表明:对比未打捞区,蓝藻连续打捞下打捞区水体中叶绿素a(Chl.a)、悬浮物(SS)浓度不断下降,两者削减率分别为72%、85%,Chl.a、SS浓度分别下降到29.6±2.5 μg/L、12.5±1.2 mg/L,打捞对围隔内颗粒态物质去除效果十分明显;打捞过程中水体溶解性有机物(DOM)中微生物代谢类腐殖质(C1)、类蛋白(C3)显著下降趋势,打捞区C1、C3组分(0.18±0.02、0.06±0.01 RU)强度明显低于未打捞区(0.26±0.05、0.12±0.03 RU),打捞能有效控制藻源性溶解性有机质释放.同时,打捞区水-气界面CH4通量呈显著下降趋势,未打捞区CH4通量平均值(17.473±1.514 nmol/(m2·s))为打捞区(7.004±4.163 nmol/(m2·s))近2倍,CH4通量与Chl.a、C1、C3组分均呈显著正相关,水体中藻源性溶解态有机质对CH4通量具有促进作用;打捞区CO2释放通量呈显著上升趋势,打捞区CO2吸收通量(-0.200±0.069 μmol/(m2·s))明显低于未打捞区(-0.344±0.017 μmol/(m2·s)),CO2通量与Chl.a、温度均呈显著负相关.秋季打捞对CH4、CO2综合日平均通量减排量值为0.275±0.076 mol/(m2·d)(以CO2当量计).研究结果揭示了巢湖秋季连续打捞蓝藻过程对水-气界面温室气体具有显著减排作用,且能在一定程度上减缓蓝藻水华与湖泊富营养化、气候变暖之间的恶性循环,为湖泊碳循环和蓝藻水华灾害防控提供科学数据支撑和理论参考. 相似文献
3.
Reservoirs of lowland floodplain rivers with eutrophic backgrounds cause variations in the hydrological and hydraulic conditions of estuaries and low-dam reservoir areas, which can promote planktonic algae to proliferate and algal bloom outbreaks. Understanding the ecological effects of variations in hydrological and hydraulic processes in lowland rivers is important for algal bloom control. In this study, the middle and lower reaches of the Han River, China, a typical regulated lowland river with a eutrophic background, are selected. Based on the effect of hydrological and hydraulic variability on algal blooms, a hydrological management strategy for river algal bloom control is proposed. The results showed that (a) differences in river morphology and background nutrient levels cause significant differences in the critical threshold flow velocities for algal bloom outbreaks between natural river and low-dam reservoir sections; there is no uniform threshold flow velocity for algal bloom control. (b) There are significant differences in the river hydrological/hydraulic conditions between years with and without algal blooms. The average river flow, water level and velocity in years with algal blooms are significantly lower than those in years without algal blooms. (c) For different river sections where algal blooms occur and to meet the threshold flow velocities, the joint operation of cascade reservoirs and diversion projects is an effective method to prevent and control algal blooms in regulated lowland rivers. This study is expected to deepen our understanding of the ecological significance of special hydrological processes and guide algal bloom management in regulated lowland rivers. 相似文献
4.
5.
随着全球变化加剧,世界各地自然灾害的频发,国际社会为应对自然灾害进行了不懈努 力,历届世界减灾大会不断强调对应急管理全流程的研究,恢复重建作为应急管理的重要环节而 得到广泛重视。积极开展灾区恢复重建后效评估有利于保障灾区恢复重建实施与区域可持续发 展。灾区恢复重建后效评估研究时间较短,首先比较分析了国内外恢复重建的内涵,明确了恢复 重建后效评估的基本概念,并梳理了灾区恢复重建后效评估的在中国的发展演变。由于灾区恢复 重建内容复杂多样,本文结合灾区恢复重建后效评估的发展历程、研究范围与关注时段,分别从项 目、要素与可持续性三个关键视角对后效评估的理论方法等展开评述,结果表明:(1)项目后效评 估在灾区恢复重建后效评估中起步较早,现有评估多集中于居民住房、基础设施、公共设施等工程 质量的评估,但缺乏对项目设计过程中社会居民参与度、公众满意度以及社会经济效益等的评 估。(2)要素后效评估在灾区恢复重建后效评估中涉及范围最广,具体包括社会、经济与环境等要 素,这些要素的评估受政策绩效影响较大,后期需要构建综合的评估体系以开展科学评估。(3)可 持续性后效评估以联合国可持续发展目标与地方国民经济与社会发展计划为基础构建评估框架, 有利于促进灾区的可持续发展。通过综合分析《仙台减轻灾害风险框架》中“重建的更好”(BBB)理 念,联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)以及《巴黎协定》适应全球变化等诉求,结合当前灾区恢复重建 后效评估现状进行展望,以期为灾区恢复重建与可持续发展提供一个更为系统、综合的技术参考。 相似文献
6.
通过水体置换降低水库富营养化风险:长江口青草沙水库案例研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
城市淡水系统的富营养化风险是世界范围内普遍关注的问题。多种物理、生物和化学技术手段被应用到富营养化湖库的治理当中,以期抑制水体的富营养化程度和藻类生物量。经证实,在未有效降低营养盐来源的情况下,这些手段的效果有限。而在发展中国家,控制营养盐来源可能需要花费数十年的时间。本研究旨在分析某一高营养盐负荷的沿海水库的富营养化和藻类水华风险,以期确认通过水利调度来抑制水库富营养化状态的可行性。该案例水库为位于长江口的青草沙水库。该水库2009至2012年期间的库内五个点位的水质数据被用于进行案例分析。水质指标包括水温、透明度、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和浮游植物叶绿素a。该水库的建设期为2009年4月至2010年10月,期间水库未曾与长江口发生水体交换。该水库的试运营期为2010年10月至2011年1月,正式运营期为2011年1月至今。在运营期间,库内与长江口的水体交换逐步上升。综合营养状态指数(TLI)被用于评估该水库的营养状态变化情况,该指数是通过数个代表性水质指标计算得到。库区的TLI指数峰值在2009年夏季可达51,在2011年夏季可达55,超过TLI指数的富营养化阈值50。TLI的谷值32出现在2010年的夏季。水质观测期的其他时段的TLI指数均可保持在50以下。以上分析结果表明:水库在2009年和2011年夏季由于过量的营养盐负荷和藻类水华迅速恶化到富营养化状态。水库在2010年和2012年均未出现富营养化状态和藻类水华,这是由于2010年期间水库缺少营养盐输入,2012年期间水库调度充分地置换了库区水体。库区水质指标的时空变化均通过文中的观测资料和数据分析进行展示。经分析表明,通过潮汐涨落来充分置换库区水体的水库调度手段是一个极为经济有效的抑制高营养盐水体富营养化和藻类水华的工程手段。 相似文献
7.
避难场所可达性是指避难场所与受灾居民之间的通达性,即灾害发生时,避难人员通过避难疏散通道到达避难场所的难易程度,是评价避难场所布局合理性的重要指标。本研究结合高斯两步移动搜寻法和网络分析法,从供需双向出发对村镇地区避难场所进行可达性分析。2种方法的结合,既充分考虑了需求点与设施点的相互作用,又充分考虑了设施点的吸引力随距离的衰减关系,并基于实际道路,以步行疏散时间作为搜索半径,降低了传统研究中因忽略供需间相互作用及实际距离而引起的可达性结果的误差。最后,以神农架松柏镇区为例,验证该方法的实际应用价值。结果表明,该方法能够有效测定村镇地区避难场所的空间可达性,同时,基于GIS软件可以直观地揭示研究区域内避难场所可达性空间分布差异。该方法可为制定科学的村镇防灾减灾规划提供方法支持。 相似文献
8.
9.
Periodical algal blooms result in deposition and release of phosphorus (P) from the sediment into the water. Therefore, during seasonal changes when algal particles begin to settle to the bottom, understanding the behavior and distribution characteristics of the P in sediment is the most important key to manage the water quality of the Saemangeum Reservoir. In this study, the variation of water quality and sediment composition including chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and P was investigated to determine the interaction between water and sediment. The study focused primarily on algal particle sedimentation that affects the P release and mineralization of sediment. The Chl-a concentration in water showed a sharp decline in October when the algae began to die in the fall, and afterward the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total P (TP) in the sediment increased due to the sedimentation of decaying algal particles in November. During the same period of time, the readily bio-available P (RAP) in the sediment showed a drastic increase in the upper region where the Chl-a concentration of water was high. In sequence, the high RAP zone shifted from the upper region to the lower region in the early winter. The RAP shift was considered to be derived from the physical flow of the overlying water from which the decomposing algae settled on the surface of the sediment. The Saemangeum Reservoir was constructed recently; therefore, all the types of inorganic P fractions except soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) that exist on the bottom surface of the lake and the marsh's sediment layer were not sufficient to significantly influence the overlying water. On the other hand, the released P from the algae was distinct and sensitive to the seasonal change. In conclusion, the algal particle sedimentation was important to control eutrophication rather than P release from the mineralized inorganic P of the sediment surface layer in the Seamangeum Reservoir. 相似文献
10.
若干水华相关藻类对太湖水体异味物质贡献的初步研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
太湖水体中嗅味物质2-甲基异莰醇(MIB)和土臭素(Geo)的出现与水华发生在时间上高度重叠,为探寻水华中常见藻类与嗅味的关系,本研究通过对实验室培养藻株和野外水样比较分析,探寻了部分藻株与太湖水体嗅味物质的关系.分析实验室培养的15株蓝藻(其中11株微囊藻)、4株绿藻和4株硅藻,仅硅藻培养物测定出了Geo,所有藻株均未检测出MIB;对太湖典型水样分析结果显示,水体中MIB与Geo的浓度与微囊藻细胞浓度无相关性;实验室模拟微囊藻水华腐败结果显示,无论是好氧还是厌氧条件下均未产生MIB和Geo;这些数据结果说明湖水中MIB和Geo与水华主要种群微囊藻无直接关系.在鱼腥藻水华中测出了高浓度的MIB,周年水样分析结果显示鱼腥藻细胞数与MIB浓度变化规律一致,因此鱼腥藻可能是MIB的重要来源.但实验室培养的Anabaena sp.PCC7120无论是在缺氮还是有氮培养条件下均不产MIB和Geo,说明嗅味物质的产生具有藻株特异性. 相似文献