Adjustment of self-formed bankfull channel geometry of meandering rivers: modelling study     

Kensuke Naito  Gary Parker 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(13):3313-3322

We consider the evolution of the hydraulic geometry of sand-bed meandering rivers. We study the difference between the timescale of longitudinal river profile adjustment and that of channel width and depth adjustment. We also study the effect of hydrological regime alteration on the evolution of bankfull channel geometry. To achieve this, a previously developed model for the spatiotemporal co-evolution of bankfull channel characteristics, including bankfull discharge, bankfull width, bankfull depth and down-channel bed slope, is used. In our modelling framework, flow variability is considered in terms of a specified flow duration curve. Taking advantage of this unique feature, we identify the flow range responsible for long-term bankfull channel change within the specified flow duration curve. That is, the relative importance of extremely high short-duration flows compared to moderately high longer duration flows is examined. The Minnesota River, MN, USA, an actively meandering sand-bed stream, is selected for a case study. The longitudinal profile of the study reach has been in adjustment toward equilibrium since the end of the last glaciation, while its bankfull cross-section is rapidly widening due to hydrological regime change in the last several decades. We use the model to demonstrate that the timescale for longitudinal channel profile adjustment is much greater than the timescale for cross-sectional profile adjustment due to a lateral channel shift. We also show that hydrological regime shift is responsible for the recent rapid widening of the Minnesota River. Our analysis suggests that increases in the 5–25% exceedance flows play a more significant role in recent bankfull channel enlargement of the Minnesota River than increase in either the 0.1% exceedance flow or the 90% exceedance flow. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

秦岭南北河流不同尺度特大洪水对比研究     

刘科  查小春  黄春长  庞奖励  周亚利  薛小燕 《干旱区地理》2015,38(3)

以秦岭南北的汉江上游、渭河为例,对比分析了万年以来洪水发生的时间、流量的差异,并探讨了气候变化与洪水发生的联系。结果表明:在长时间尺度上,秦岭南北的汉江上游、渭河均有古洪水事件的沉积记录,汉江上游的洪水流量远大于渭河流域的洪水流量,洪水发生时间主要集中在4 200~4 000 a BP和3 200~3 000 a BP这两个时间段内;对季风气候变化分析表明,4 200~4 000 a BP和3 200~3 000 a BP是季风突变气候恶化的两个转折期,气候突变使得秦岭南北河流在这个时间段均有古洪水事件记录,但因测年分辨率的限制,似乎秦岭南北洪水发生时间具有一致性。在短时间尺度上,对秦岭南北实测洪水分析发现,虽然大多数年份秦岭南北没有洪水同时发生,但在个别年份内秦岭南北还是有洪水同时发生情况;从华西秋雨角度分析表明,秦岭南北的汉江上游、渭河处于华西秋雨核心区,但因多种因素的影响,在多数情况下秦岭南北洪水发生的时间并不都是完全相同。研究成果有助于从水文学角度在长时间尺度上揭示秦岭南北地区主要河流洪水发生规律,深化特大洪水事件与季风气候的关系;同时也加深了对秦岭地理分界作用的认识,对秦岭南北因地制宜的进行防洪减灾和水资源的合理调度开发有重要的实践意义。  相似文献   

轨道尺度亚洲气候演化机理的数值模拟:历史与展望     

石正国  雷婧  周朋  任鑫 《第四纪研究》2020,(1):8-17

轨道尺度亚洲气候演化是古气候热点问题之一,其变化过程和机理对理解当前全球变暖下亚洲气候变化具有重要参考意义。最近几十年,基于黄土、石笋、湖泊等载体的轨道尺度亚洲气候重建研究获得显著进展,气候演化历史的基本框架已被构建,不同区域和指标记录之间的差异暗示了气候演化机理的复杂性。数值模拟作为研究气候动力学的重要工具之一,在轨道尺度亚洲气候变化中也得到广泛应用和快速发展。基于此,本文尝试对最近十数年轨道尺度亚洲气候演化机理的数值模拟研究做一简单总结和梳理。目前的数值模拟尚未对地质记录给出的各种变化特征、区域差异等现象,尤其是东亚夏季风的黄土和石笋差异、季风和干旱气候的耦合关系等,给出合理解释。因此,在未来工作中亟须涵盖多轨道旋回的高分辨率瞬变试验,结合良好定年的重建记录,以期对轨道尺度亚洲气候变化机理获得更深入完整的认识。  相似文献   

The relationship between the canonical ENSO and the phase transition of the Antarctic oscillation at the quasi-quadrennial timescale     

LIU Changzheng  XUE Feng 《海洋学报(英文版)》2010,29(6):26-34

A correlation analysis is performed to investigate the relationship between El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Antarctic oscillation (AAO) at the quasi-quadrennial (QQ) timescale.It is found that the cold tongue index (CTI) and the AAO index (AAOI) are negatively correlated with about a 7-month lead-time,while they are positively correlated with about a 15-month lag-time.To further explore this relationship,complex empirical orthogonal function analysis is employed in the QQ sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies from 1951 to 2002.The results indicate that,during the ENSO cycle,there exists one kind of global tropical wave of wavenumber 1 (GTW1) propagating eastward.With the traveling of GTW1,the tropical SLP anomaly tends to intrude into the southern mid-latitudes.Accordingly,three strong signals travel synchronously along the circumSouth-Pacific path,and a relatively weak signal extends eastward and poleward over the South Ocean in the Atlantic-Indian Ocean sector.Following the propagation of these signals,the AAO phase tends to be reversed progressively.As a result,there exists an evident lead-lag correlation between CTI and AAOI.It can be concluded that ENSO plays a key role in the phase transition of AAO at the QQ timescale.It is also noticed that this regular relationship is only evident in the canonical ENSO events,for which sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies extend westward from the tropical eastern Pacific.On the other hand,the similar relationships are not found among those atypical ENSO events for which SST anomalies spread eastward from the central Pacific,such as the 1982-1983 ENSO event.  相似文献   

Detrital zircon and apatite constraints on depositional ages,sedimentation rates and provenance: Pliocene Productive Series,South Caspian Basin,Azerbaijan     

《Basin Research》2018,30(5):835-862

We used detrital zircon U/Pb geochronology and apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He thermochronology to better constrain depositional ages and sedimentation rates for the Pliocene Productive Series in Azerbaijan. U/Pb analysis of 1,379 detrital zircon grains and (U–Th–Sm)/He analysis of 57 apatite grains—from Kirmaky Valley and Yasamal Valley onshore sections, Absheron Peninsula—yielded two distinct sub‐populations: “young” Neogene grains and “old” Mesozoic, Palaeozoic and Proterozoic/Archean grains. The large numbers of Neogene age grains (around 10% of all grain ages) provided a new absolute age constraint on the maximum depositional age of the Lower Productive Series of 4.0 Myr. These “young” Neogene zircon grains most likely originated from volcanic ash falls sourced from the Lesser Caucasus or Talesh Mountains. In this paper we propose a timescale scenario using the maximum depositional age of the Productive Series from detrital zircon grain U/Pb constraints. Potential consequences and limitations of using apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He dating method in estimating maximum depositional ages are also discussed. These new age constraints for the Lower Productive Series gave much faster sedimentation rates than previously estimated: 1.3 km/Myr in the South Caspian Basin margin outcrops and up to 3.9 km/Myr in the basin centre. The sedimentation rates are one of the highest in comparison to other sedimentary basins and coeval to global increase in sedimentation rates 2–4 Myr. The older group of detrital zircon grains constitutes the majority of grains in all sample sets (~80%). These older ages are inferred to reflect the provenance of the Productive Series sediment. This sediment is interpreted to have been derived from the Proterozoic and Archean crystalline basement rocks and Phanerozoic cover of the East European Craton, Proterozoic/Palaeozoic rocks of the Ural Mountains and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Greater Caucasus. This sediment was likely supplied from northerly sourced drainage that emptied into the South Caspian Basin.  相似文献   

A timescale decomposed threshold regression downscaling approach to forecasting South China early summer rainfall     

Linye Song  Wansuo Duan  Yun Li  Jiangyu Mao 《大气科学进展》2016,33(9):1071-7084

A timescale decomposed threshold regression(TSDTR) downscaling approach to forecasting South China early summer rainfall(SCESR) is described by using long-term observed station rainfall data and NOAA ERSST data. It makes use of two distinct regression downscaling models corresponding to the interannual and interdecadal rainfall variability of SCESR.The two models are developed based on the partial least squares(PLS) regression technique, linking SCESR to SST modes in preceding months on both interannual and interdecadal timescales. Specifically, using the datasets in the calibration period 1915–84, the variability of SCESR and SST are decomposed into interannual and interdecadal components. On the interannual timescale, a threshold PLS regression model is fitted to interannual components of SCESR and March SST patterns by taking account of the modulation of negative and positive phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO). On the interdecadal timescale, a standard PLS regression model is fitted to the relationship between SCESR and preceding November SST patterns. The total rainfall prediction is obtained by the sum of the outputs from both the interannual and interdecadal models. Results show that the TSDTR downscaling approach achieves reasonable skill in predicting the observed rainfall in the validation period 1985–2006, compared to other simpler approaches. This study suggests that the TSDTR approach,considering different interannual SCESR-SST relationships under the modulation of PDO phases, as well as the interdecadal variability of SCESR associated with SST patterns, may provide a new perspective to improve climate predictions.  相似文献   

River sediments,great floods and centennial‐scale Holocene climate change     

Mark G. Macklin  John Lewin 《第四纪科学杂志》2003,18(2):101-105

A new analysis of all 346 published ¹⁴C dated Holocene alluvial units in Britain offers a unique insight into the regional impacts of global change and shows how surprisingly sensitive British rivers have been to relatively modest but repeated changes in climate. Fourteen major but probably brief periods of flooding are identified bracketed within the periods 400–1070, 1940–3940, 7520–8100 and at ca. 10 420 cal. yr BP. There is a strong correspondence between climatic deteriorations inferred from mire wet shifts and major periods of flooding, especially at ca. 8000 cal. yr BP and since ca. 4000 cal. yr BP. The unusually long and complete British record also demonstrates that alterations in land cover have resulted in a step change in river basin sensitivity to variations in climate. This has very important implications for assessing and mitigating the impact of increasing severe flooding. In small and medium‐sized river basins land use is likely to play a key role in either moderating or amplifying the climatic signal. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

末次间冰期以来渭南黄土剖面高分辨率古气候时间标尺   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

王文远  刘嘉麒  潘懋  刘东生 《地球科学》2000,25(1):98-102

利用细颗粒热释光技术对渭南剖面重要地层界线处的 7个样品进行了年龄测定 ,并在此基础上 ,结合已发表数据利用多项式回归方法建立了渭南剖面高分辨率的古气候时间标尺 ,其中S0 /L1- 1,L1- 1/L1- 2 ,L1- 4/L1- 5 ,L1- 5 /S1,S1/L2的界线年龄分别为 1.1,2 .5 ,5 .1,7.6 ,12 .8ka ,除了L1- 4/L1- 5的界线年龄与氧同位素 3阶段的起始年龄差距较大之外 ,它们与SPECMAP深海氧同位素 5以上各阶段的界线年龄可进行较好的对比 ,而L1- 4/L1- 5的界线年龄与北太平洋风尘记录的氧同位素年龄却有很好的一致性 .  相似文献   

海城震区深地震测深资料A/D转换方法及其效果的研究     

杨茜  赵国敏  白云  李志生 《东北地震研究》1993,(4)

介绍深地震测深模拟磁带资料在CROMEMCO型微机上实现A/D转换的方法及其效果。在实现A/D转换研究中,进行了时标信号采集方式、六响信号处理、模拟回放电路改进等方法的试验,从而提高了A/D转换精度与效果。经对海城震区实际资料分析可知:该系统A/D转换精度达到了规范要求。  相似文献   

Evaluating the Tree Population Density and Its Impacts in CLM-DGVM     

SONG Xiang  ZENG Xiaodong  ZHU Jiawen 《大气科学进展》2013,30(1):116-124

Vegetation population dynamics play an essential role in shaping the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems.However,large uncertainties remain in the parameterizations of population dynamics in current Dynamic Global Vegetation Models(DGVMs).In this study,the global distribution and probability density functions of tree population densities in the revised Community Land Model-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model(CLM-DGVM) were evaluated,and the impacts of population densities on ecosystem characteristics were investigated.The results showed that the model predicted unrealistically high population density with small individual size of tree PFTs(Plant Functional Types) in boreal forests,as well as peripheral areas of tropical and temperate forests.Such biases then led to the underestimation of forest carbon storage and incorrect carbon allocation among plant leaves,stems and root pools,and hence predicted shorter time scales for the building/recovering of mature forests.These results imply that further improvements in the parameterizations of population dynamics in the model are needed in order for the model to correctly represent the response of ecosystems to climate change.  相似文献