近60a来新疆不同海拔气候变化的时空特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

张音  古丽贤·吐尔逊拜  苏里坦  刘迁迁 《干旱区地理》2019,42(4):822-829

全球变暖是当前全球气候变化研究的热点之一，新疆深居亚欧大陆内陆，地形气候复杂，探讨该区域气候变化与海拔的关系对全球气候变化研究具有重要的参考意义。基于1958—2017年新疆41个气象站的月和年平均气候数据，采用一元线性回归、Mann Kendall（M-K）趋势分析和突变检验等方法分析该地区气候变化的时空分布与海拔的关系。结果表明：1958—2017年新疆年均气温、年均降水量均呈上升趋势，但增加幅度具有时间和空间差异。在时间上，北疆四季平均气温增温幅度均大于南疆（冬季除外），四季降水量增幅北疆大于南疆（夏季除外）；在空间上，北疆气温和降水的增幅均大于南疆。研究区各个站点气温呈现出南部高而北部低的空间格局，年均降水量北部多，南部低。各个站点气温倾向率总体随海拔增加而减少，年均降水量变化率随海拔升高而增加，在不同海拔带内部存在差异。综上所述，受全球气候变暖的影响，近60 a来新疆年均气温和年均降水量均呈上升趋势，尤其是北疆对全球气候变暖的响应较为敏感。  相似文献   

Spatio‐temporal tracer variability in the glacier melt end‐member — How does it affect hydrograph separation results?          下载免费PDF全文

Jan Schmieder  Jakob Garvelmann  Thomas Marke  Ulrich Strasser 《水文研究》2018,32(12):1828-1843

Geochemical and isotopic tracers were often used in mixing models to estimate glacier melt contributions to streamflow, whereas the spatio‐temporal variability in the glacier melt tracer signature and its influence on tracer‐based hydrograph separation results received less attention. We present novel tracer data from a high‐elevation catchment (17 km², glacierized area: 34%) in the Oetztal Alps (Austria) and investigated the spatial, as well as the subdaily to monthly tracer variability of supraglacial meltwater and the temporal tracer variability of winter baseflow to infer groundwater dynamics. The streamflow tracer variability during winter baseflow conditions was small, and the glacier melt tracer variation was higher, especially at the end of the ablation period. We applied a three‐component mixing model with electrical conductivity and oxygen‐18. Hydrograph separation (groundwater, glacier melt, and rain) was performed for 6 single glacier melt‐induced days (i.e., 6 events) during the ablation period 2016 (July to September). Median fractions (±uncertainty) of groundwater, glacier melt, and rain for the events were estimated at 49±2%, 35±11%, and 16±11%, respectively. Minimum and maximum glacier melt fractions at the subdaily scale ranged between 2±5% and 76±11%, respectively. A sensitivity analysis showed that the intraseasonal glacier melt tracer variability had a marked effect on the estimated glacier melt contribution during events with large glacier melt fractions of streamflow. Intra‐daily and spatial variation of the glacier melt tracer signature played a negligible role in applying the mixing model. The results of this study (a) show the necessity to apply a multiple sampling approach in order to characterize the glacier melt end‐member and (b) reveal the importance of groundwater and rainfall–runoff dynamics in catchments with a glacial flow regime.  相似文献   

Using visibility analysis to improve point density and processing time of SfM-MVS techniques for 3D reconstruction of landforms     

Álvaro Gómez-Gutiérrez  Trent Biggs  Napoleon Gudino-Elizondo  Paz Errea  Esteban Alonso-González  Estela Nadal Romero  José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(11):2524-2539

Image network geometry, including the number and orientation of images, impacts the error, coverage, and processing time of 3D terrain mapping performed using structure-from-motion and multiview-stereo (SfM-MVS). Few studies have quantified trade-offs in error and processing time or ways to optimize image acquisition in diverse topographic conditions. Here, we determine suitable camera locations for image acquisition by minimizing the occlusion produced by topography. Viewshed analysis is used to select the suitable images, which requires a preliminary digital elevation model (DEM), potential camera locations, and sensor parameters. One aerial and two ground-based image collections were used to analyse differences between SfM-MVS models produced using: (1) all available images (ALL); (2) images selected using conventional methods (CON); and (3) images selected using the viewshed analysis (VIEW). The resulting models were compared with benchmark point clouds acquired by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and TLS-derived DEMs. The VIEW datasets produced denser point clouds (28–32% more points) and DEMs with up to 66% reduction in error compared with CON datasets due to reduction of gaps in the DEM. VIEW datasets reduced processing time by 37–76% compared with ALL, with no reduction in coverage or increase in error. DEMs produced with ALL and VIEW datasets had similar slope and roughness, while slight differences that may be locally important were observed for the CON dataset. The new method helps optimize SfM-MVS image collection strategies that significantly reduce the number of images required with minimal loss in coverage or accuracy over complex surfaces. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Parallelization of the flow-path network model using a particle-set strategy     

Fangli Zhang 《International journal of geographical information science》2019,33(10):1984-2010

High-performance simulation of flow dynamics remains a major challenge in the use of physical-based, fully distributed hydrologic models. Parallel computing has been widely used to overcome efficiency limitation by partitioning a basin into sub-basins and executing calculations among multiple processors. However, existing partition-based parallelization strategies are still hampered by the dependency between inter-connected sub-basins. This study proposed a particle-set strategy to parallelize the flow-path network (FPN) model for achieving higher performance in the simulation of flow dynamics. The FPN model replaced the hydrological calculations on sub-basins with the movements of water packages along the upstream and downstream flow paths. Unlike previous partition-based task decomposition approaches, the proposed particle-set strategy decomposes the computational workload by randomly allocating runoff particles to concurrent computing processors. Simulation experiments of the flow routing process were undertaken to validate the developed particle-set FPN model. The outcomes of hourly outlet discharges were compared with field gauged records, and up to 128 computing processors were tested to explore its speedup capability in parallel computing. The experimental results showed that the proposed framework can achieve similar prediction accuracy and parallel efficiency to that of the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)-based Real-Time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS).  相似文献   

How forest gaps shaped plant diversity along an elevational gradient in Wolong National Nature Reserve?     

Chen  Li  Han  Wangya  Liu  Dan  Liu  Guohua 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(7):1081-1097

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Understanding the underlying ecological processes that control plant diversity within (α-diversity) and among (β-diversity) forest gaps is important for...  相似文献   

球面小波模型在GPS高程拟合中的应用     

周贻港  孙罗庆  李中洲 《测绘通报》2020,(12):97-100

本文利用某地共99个GPS水准点的大地高和正常高求取高程异常，使用DOG球面小波模型和多面函数，分别对高程异常进行拟合。拟合时剔除模型残差大于2倍中误差的点，并在剔除粗差后重新进行拟合。通过比较外部检核点的已知高程异常值和球面小波模型值、多面函数拟合值之间的均方差评价模型的精度。数据结果表明，以外部检核均方差最小为准则，球面小波模型拟合精度较优，其拟合精度为1.65 cm，多面函数拟合精度为2.35 cm。  相似文献   

基于遗传Elman神经网络进行矿区GPS高程拟合     

张志杰  王维兴  王宝山 《测绘与空间地理信息》2020,(4):173-177,181

目前,城市、平原地区的似大地水准面建立精度已经达到厘米级,但在矿区进行高程拟合时,由于地面高低起伏没有规则,其似大地水准面的拟合精度并不理想。针对此问题,本文提出利用遗传算法优化Elman神经网络的方法精化似大地水准面,采用移去-恢复法对残差进行建模,使用EGM 2008地球重力场模型和地形起伏信息来精化求解似大地水准面和参考椭球面之间的高程异常,同时着重分析了地球重力场模型以及地形变化信息对高程异常求解的重要性,并使用某矿区实测数据(GPS、水准)对所提方法进行验证,实验结果表明:文中所提方法的精度要优于二次曲面拟合模型和单一Elman模型,其外符合精度达到了1.14 cm,可以代替四等水准测量。  相似文献   

利用水系沉积物高程定量恢复古地貌的技术方法——以鲁西白彦地区白彦砾岩为例          下载免费PDF全文

程光锁  于学峰  杨斌  胡戈  李兆营  周军  刘卫东  罗文强  马祥县 《山东国土资源》2019,35(9)

主要分析了构造抬升对水系和地形的影响和恢复,以从古生代灰岩围岩中大面积但零星出露的岩溶砾岩点为研究对象,对区域古水系和地形地貌恢复和反演做出了新的尝试。在收集资料和实测的基础上,尝试性探讨了利用稳定水体参照物高程反演抬升高度以及邻区山峰点的古高程、古水系,恢复区域上古地形地貌的技术方法。并以白彦地区为例,通过白彦岩溶砾岩的分布、产状、金刚石矿物含量、岩性等地质特征,恢复白彦地区古地形线、古水系位置和流向等古地理地貌,指出在白彦期时代,该区总体发育4个水系,邹城市大石墙水系、枣庄水系、平邑水系、费县水系,水系中金刚石含量较为丰富的砾岩点大多分布在凤凰山隆起中心,其中在平邑水系推测存在一个山地峡谷中的古湖泊。认为蒙山凸起中已知的常马庄地区的金伯利岩脉所含有金刚石可能主要供应平邑区水系,其他3个地区水系的金刚石可能来源于凤凰山及其东部隆起剥蚀地区。  相似文献   

Current-induced scour beneath initially elevated subsea pipelines     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

When a subsea pipeline is laid on an uneven seabed, certain sections may have an initial elevation with respect to the far-field seabed, e_o, and thus potentially affecting the on-bottom stability of the pipeline. This paper focuses on quantifying the effects of the upstream dimensionless seabed shear stress, θ_∞, and Reynolds number, Re, on: (1) the maximum dimensionless seabed shear stress beneath the pipe, θ_max, to be compared to the critical shear stress in order to determine whether scour would occur and progress towards an equilibrium state; and, (2) the dimensionless equilibrium scour depth beneath the pipe, S_eq/D. Using a 2-D Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach along with the k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model, a parametric study involving 243 computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations was conducted. The simulation results were used to develop a closed-form equation for the prediction of θ_max. Subsequently, experimental measurements of S_eq/D have been compiled from published literature, to develop a new closed-form equation for the prediction of S_eq/D with a high correlation to the experimental data. In summary, we present two closed-form equations for the prediction of θ_max and S_eq/D for pipelines with an initial e_o/D, which are applicable for both clear-water and live-bed conditions. The effects of θ_∞ and Re have been included, albeit Re having a small influence as compared to the other parameters.  相似文献   

Landform‐oriented flow‐routing algorithm for the dual‐structure loess terrain based on digital elevation models          下载免费PDF全文

Liyang Xiong  Guoan Tang  Shijiang Yan  Shijie Zhu  Yiying Sun 《水文研究》2014,28(4):1756-1766

The loess landform in the Loess Plateau of China is with typical dual structure, namely, the upper smooth positive terrain and the lower cliffy negative terrain (P–N terrain for short). Obvious differences in their morphological feature, geomorphological mechanism, and hydrological process could be found in the both areas. Based on the differences, a flow‐routing algorithm that separately addresses the dual‐structure terrain would be necessary to encompass this spatial variation in their hydrological behaviour. This paper proposes a mixed flow‐routing algorithm to address aforementioned problems. First, the loess landform surface is divided into P–N terrains based on digital elevation models. Then, specific catchment area is calculated with the new algorithm to simulate the water flows in both positive and negative terrain areas. The mixed algorithm consists of the multiple flow‐routing algorithm (multiple‐flow direction) for positive areas and the D8 algorithm for negative areas, respectively. The approach is validated in two typical geomorphologic areas with low hills and dense gullies in the northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau. Four indices are used to examine the results, which show that the new algorithm is more suitable for loess terrain in simulating the spatial distribution of water accumulation, as well as in modeling the flow characteristics of the true surface by considering the morphological structures of the terrain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献