Characterization of sudden and sustained base flow jump hydrologic behaviour in the humid seasonal tropics of the Panama Canal Watershed     

Yanyan Cheng  Fred L. Ogden  Jianting Zhu 《水文研究》2020,34(3):569-582

Base flows are important for tropical regions with pronounced dry seasons, which are facing increasing water demands. Base flow generation, however, is one of the most challenging hydrological processes to characterize in the tropics. In many years during the May–December wet season in the Panama Canal Watershed (PCW), base flows in rivers abruptly increase. This increase persists until the start of the December–April dry season. Understanding this unusual base flow jump (BFJ) behaviour is critical to improve water provisioning in the seasonal tropics, especially during droughts and extended dry seasons. This study developed an integrated approach combining piecewise regression on cumulative average base flow and sensitivity analysis to calculate the timing and magnitude of BFJ. Rainfall, forest cover, mean land surface slope, catchment area, and estimated subsurface storage were tested as predictors for the occurrence and magnitude of the BFJs in seven subcatchments of the PCW. Sensitivity analysis on correlated predictors allowed ranking of predictor contributions due to isolated and cross-correlation effects. Correlations between observed BFJs and BFJs predicted by watershed and rainfall-related predictors were 0.92 and 0.65 for BFJ timing and magnitude, respectively. Forest cover was the second most significant predictor after cumulative rainfall for jump magnitude, owing to larger subsurface storage and groundwater recharge in forests than pastures. Catchments in the mountainous eastern PCW always generated larger jumps due to their higher rainfall and greater forest cover than the western PCW catchments. The cross-correlations between predictors contributed to more than 50% of the jump variances. The results demonstrate the importance of rainfall gradient and catchment characteristics in affecting the sudden and sustained BFJs, which can help inform land management decisions intended to enhance water supplies in the tropics. This study underscores the need for more research to further understand the hydrological processes involved in the BFJ phenomenon, including better BFJ models and field characterizations, to help improve tropical ecosystem services under a changing environment.  相似文献   

Using hysteretic behaviour and hydrograph classification to identify hydrological function across the “hillslope–depression–stream” continuum in a karst catchment     

Runrun Zhang  Xi Chen  Zhicai Zhang  Chris Soulsby 《水文研究》2020,34(16):3464-3480

In cockpit karst landscapes, fluxes from upland areas contribute large volumes of water to low-lying depressions and stream flow. Hydrograph hysteresis and similarity between monitoring sites is important for understanding the space–time variability of hydrologic responses across the “hillslope–depression–stream” continuum. In this study, the hysteretic feature of hydrographs was assessed by characterizing the loop-like relationships between responses at upstream sites relative to subsurface discharge at the outlet of a small karst catchment. A classification of hydrograph responses based on the multi-scale smoothing Kernel -derived distance classifies the hydrograph responses on the basis of similarities between hillslope and depression sites, and those at the catchment outlet. Results demonstrate that the temporal and spatial variability of hydrograph hysteresis and similarity between hillslope flow and outlet stream flow can be explained by the local heterogeneity of depression aquifer. Large depression storage deficits emerging in the highly heterogeneous aquifer produce strong hysteresis and multiple relationships of upstream hydrographs relative to the outlet subsurface discharge. In contrast, when depression storage deficits are filled during consecutive rainfall events, depression hydrographs at the high permeability sites are almost synchronous or exhibit a monotonous function with the hydrographs at the outlet. This reduced hydrograph hysteresis enhances preferential flow paths in fractured rocks and conduits that can accelerate the hillslope flow to the outlet. Therefore, classification of hydrograph similarities between any upstream sites and the catchment outlet can help to identify the dominant hydrological functions in the heterogeneous karst catchment.  相似文献   

“一带一路”沿线国家石油资源流动类型演变     

孙琪  赵媛  张新林  夏四友 《世界地理研究》2020,29(2):337-345

综合运用石油自给率、流动比率等方法，以“一带一路”沿线国家为研究对象，对1995—2014年各国石油资源流动类型时空演变进行研究。结果表明：1）1995—2014年石油净补给型国家数量较为稳定，无产型或低产型国家的石油贸易倾向变化相对较小；基本自给型国家数量占比最大，1995年占比1/2，其余四个年份占比稳定在1/3；净支出型国家数量显著增加，至2014年其中有5个国家保持不变，表明这些国家的石油产量具有较大的优势。2）1995年和2014年汇地国家均为39个国家，其中有34个国家一直保持汇地职能，空间分布上呈东多西少，南多北少，东西分化以西亚、中亚、东欧为界；有14个国家一直保持源地职能，其空间分布格局与汇地相应，西多东少，南多北少，主要分布于西亚、东欧及中亚；交流地数量较少，呈分散分布，且分布地不稳定。3）从数量变化来看，研究期内汇地略有增加，源地略有减少，交流地略有增加；“一带一路”源地总出口量与汇地总进口量的比呈逐年降低趋势。  相似文献   

喀喇昆仑山西北部冰川运动速度地形控制特征   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

张莎莎  张震  刘时银  李鑫  黄丹妮  薛乃婷 《冰川冻土》2019,41(5):1015-1025

为了探讨地形和海拔对冰川季节和年平均运动速度的影响程度，利用2013-2018年GoLive数据与ASTER GDEM V2数据对喀喇昆仑山西北部3 389条冰川的地形（坡度、坡向、海拔）和冰川运动速度进行了综合分析。结果表明：冰川表面运动速度在物质平衡线处（3 970~4 770 m）达到最快，是冰川积极维持物质平衡的一种体现。坡度平缓地区在不同海拔下的冰川运动速度有明显的差别，但是不同坡度地区的冰川运动速度随海拔变化的趋势基本一致，均呈现先增大后减小。北坡冰川运动速度较平稳，南坡和西南坡的冰川运动速度（均为0.25 m·d^-1）最快并且变化幅度较大，最小值与最大值相差近4倍。冰川运动速度不是呈现单一的季节性变化，同时还会受到地形的控制。低海拔区域冰川运动速度在消融期（3-6月）较快，中海拔区域在消融前（11月至次年2月）较快。  相似文献   

白洋淀生态需水:进展及展望   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨薇  赵彦伟  刘强  孙涛 《湖泊科学》2020,32(2):294-308

采用文献计量、统计分析等手段收集了国内外关于白洋淀生态需水核算的研究成果,系统梳理了15种白洋淀生态需水核算方法,获得了白洋淀不同时间尺度、不同等级生态需水核算结果,并结合雄安新区规划对白洋淀生态需水核算存在的问题及未来的需求提出了展望统计结果表明,白洋淀最小生态水位为7.45±0.66 m,适宜水位为8.61±0.52 m,最大水位为9.46±0.51 m;各等级生态需水月际变化趋势大致相同,8 9月最大,5月最小,但各月不同等级生态需水量的变幅较大;白洋淀最小生态补水量为1.35亿m~3,适宜补水量2.40亿m~3,最大生态补水量6.20亿m~3从支撑雄安新区规划建设的角度来看,目前白洋淀生态需水核算中面临的不足主要集中在生态管理目标和方法选择导致核算结果差异较大、缺乏淀区生态需水机制的阐释、生态需水核算时间尺度较粗略、未考虑淀区空间异质性的需水差异以及忽略河湖水文连通关系与过程5个方面;最后,以恢复白洋淀良性生态系统为导向,从分级分区开展白洋淀生态需水精细核算、分时分段淀区生态需水量质耦合模拟和考虑河湖沼连通的淀区水动力过程恢复3个方面提出了未来研究的建议与展望.  相似文献   

大孔隙对径流过程影响的研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

吕海深 《水文》2020,40(1):13-17

大孔隙流是土壤优先流的一种,在植被发育区土壤大孔隙比较常见,对径流形成过程产生重要的影响。介绍了大孔隙流的研究方法,系统总结了近50年植被发育区土壤大孔隙对降雨入渗过程及径流形成过程的影响:从水分入渗的角度,大孔隙可以加快降雨入渗过程;由土壤大孔隙流与山坡产流的关系,大孔隙促进了边坡雨水的运动进而引起了快速产流;世界范围内的研究都表明土壤管流或大孔隙流是径流组分重要贡献者。  相似文献   

持续大流量过程对黄河内蒙古河段河道塑形能力的分析与思考     

方立  冯缠利  郑宝旺  沈国庭 《地下水》2020,(1):152-154,266

2018年伏秋汛期黄河流域上游持续来水,为保证2108-2019年度黄河流域凌汛期安全,黄河流域重点水库进行了大流量持续下泄。以2018年9月的实际数据为基准,通过对重点水库实际日均出入库调度情况,内蒙古河段的重点水文站实际日均流量过程和三个年份汛期大断面套绘成果对比分析研究,可以得出水库大流量持续下泄对内蒙古河段河道塑形能力起到了关键性作用,有效的提高了主槽过流能力,河段最小平滩流量得到一定的恢复,对下一步研究黄河流域河道过流能力提供了有利的数据支撑和参考价值。  相似文献   

Topographical controls on small‐volume pyroclastic flows     

Joan Martí  Domenico M. Doronzo  Dario Pedrazzi  Ferran Colombo 《Sedimentology》2019,66(6):2297-2317

Emplacement of small‐volume (<0·1 km³) pyroclastic flows is significantly influenced by topography. The Arico ignimbrite on Tenerife (Canary Islands) is a characteristic small‐volume pyroclastic flow deposit emplaced on high relief topography. The pyroclastic flow flowed down pre‐existing valleys on the southern slopes of the island. In proximal areas deep (up to 100 m) valleys acted as efficient conduits for the pyroclastic flow, which was mostly channelled; in this particular area the ignimbrite corresponds to a homogeneous, moderately welded deposit, consisting of flattened pumices in an abundant ashy matrix with a relatively low lithic fragment content. In intermediate zones significant changes occur in the steepness of the slope and, although still channelled, here the pyroclastic flow was influenced by hydraulic jumps. In this area, two different units can be clearly distinguished in the ignimbrite: the lower unit is composed of a lithic‐rich ground‐layer deposit that formed at the turbulent, highly concentrated head of the flow; the upper unit consists of a well welded pumice‐rich deposit that occasionally reveals a basal layer formed by shearing with the lower part. This division into two units is maintained as far as distal areas near the present‐day coastline, where the slope is very gentle or null and the ignimbrite is not channelled. The ground layer is not found in distal areas. The ignimbrite here only consists of the upper unit, which is occasionally repeated due to a surging process provoked by the lower flow speed, as the pyroclastic flow spread out of the channelled zone. A theoretical model on how topography controlled the deposition of the Arico ignimbrite is derived by interpreting the observed lithological and sedimentological variations in terms of changes in topography and bedrock morphology. This new model is of general applicability and will help to explain other deposits of similar characteristics.  相似文献   

Detecting arbitrarily shaped clusters in origin-destination flows using ant colony optimization     

Ci Song  Ting Ma  Yunyan Du  Hua Shu  Sihui Guo 《International journal of geographical information science》2019,33(1):134-154

An origin-destination (OD) flow can be defined as the movement of objects between two locations. These movements must be determined for a range of purposes, and strong interactions can be visually represented via clustering of OD flows. Identification of such clusters may be useful in urban planning, traffic planning and logistics management research. However, few methods can identify arbitrarily shaped flow clusters. Here, we present a spatial scan statistical approach based on ant colony optimization (ACO) for detecting arbitrarily shaped clusters of OD flows (AntScan_flow). In this study, an OD flow cluster is defined as a regional pair with significant log likelihood ratio (LLR), and the ACO is employed to detect the clusters with maximum LLRs in the search space. Simulation experiments based on AntScan_flow and SaTScan_flow show that AntScan_flow yields better performance based on accuracy but requires a large computational demand. Finally, a case study of the morning commuting flows of Beijing residents was conducted. The AntScan_flow results show that the regions associated with moderate- and long-distance commuting OD flow clusters are highly consistent with subway lines and highways in the city. Additionally, the regions of short-distance commuting OD flow clusters are more likely to exhibit ‘residential-area to work-area’ patterns.  相似文献   

遥感技术在“6·17”丹巴堵江泥石流灾害链灾区应急救援抢险决策中的应用     

唐尧  王立娟  赵娟  张成信 《中国地质调查》2020,7(5):114-122

2020年6月17日,四川丹巴县半扇门镇梅龙沟发生泥石流,阻断小金川河,形成堰塞湖,造成重大财产损失与人员伤亡。为掌握第一手灾情,辅助开展应急救援,以国产高分二号卫星数据为主要数据源,结合无人机航空摄影数据和灾后现场调查等资料,开展了“6·17”丹巴堵江泥石流灾害链灾区应急调查与分析。研究认为: 灾区影响人口约6.5万人; 国网丹巴县供电公司应急救援队与小金县联通通信应急抢险救援队距离最近,半扇门中学等5所学校可作为临时安置避难场所备选; 受影响矿山企业6家、重要水库1座、水电站1座; 泥石流沟总体呈NW—SE向展布,掩没面积约14.27万m²; 堰塞湖湖面面积约1.03 km²,淹没区约49.8万m²,路基路面全毁路段约2.1 km,下游疑似灾害隐患点9处,因灾受损民居25处、桥梁5处; 优选了2条灾后通达性较好的通往泥石流重灾区的救援生命线。借助遥感技术深入分析泥石流灾害链影响人口等灾情先期研判、灾情灾损应急调查及应急救援生命通道优选,对我国西南山区类似条件地质灾害隐患点的应急抢险救援、防灾减灾工作具有重要的指导意义。  相似文献