热处理褐铁矿去除水中的Mn²⁺     

张羽  刘海波  陈平  皮汇钰  陈天虎 《岩石矿物学杂志》2018,37(4):687-696

本文利用褐铁矿中针铁矿经热脱水相变获得以纳米晶赤铁矿为主要物相的纳米-微米多级孔结构材料,并用于模拟净化富Mn~(2+)地下水。同时考察了热处理温度、初始pH值、初始Mn~(2+)浓度、吸附反应时间等对材料去除溶液中Mn~(2+)的影响。XRD、TEM、BET表征结果表明,300℃热处理产物中赤铁矿孔径最小为2.7 nm,比表面积最大达到107.4 m~2/g。吸附实验结果表明,在pH值5~10的范围内,p H值对煅烧褐铁矿颗粒对Mn~(2+)去除效果影响较小;材料在贫氧条件下对水中低浓度Mn~(2+)的最大吸附量为6.45 mg/g;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型;褐铁矿热处理形成的纳米晶赤铁矿对Mn~(2+)具有吸附和催化氧化作用,其中的杂质锰氧化物对Mn~(2+)的吸附和催化氧化具有增强作用。  相似文献   

碘化氨除锡后封闭酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定锡矿石中的共生和伴生元素   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

马生凤  赵文博  朱云  孙红宾  王蕾  温宏利 《岩矿测试》2018,37(6):650-656

锡矿石是难分解的矿物,主要存在形式是锡石(SnO_2),且共生和伴生元素多,常用的酸溶方法几乎不能溶解SnO_2,从而给锡矿石中的共生与伴生元素的准确测定带来困难。本文基于碘化氨在较低温度下熔融可产生无水状态的碘化氢,利用碘化氢的酸性和氨的还原性分解SnO_2,使Sn呈SnI_4升华分离的原理处理锡矿石。实验中以高纯铂丝作催化剂,加入碘化铵在450℃的马弗炉中分解锡矿石30 min,使得Sn以SnI_4形式挥发,除锡率达到98%以上,再用2 mL氢氟酸和1 mL硝酸封闭溶解残渣,电感耦合等离子体质谱测定钴镍铜铌钽钍铀等24个共生和伴生元素。元素检出限在0. 001～2. 9μg/g之间,90%以上元素的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5%,相对误差小于10%。本方法解决了锡矿石难分解的问题,可测定共存金属元素,也适合测定Sn含量在1. 27%～62. 49%之间的锡矿石中的微量和痕量元素及锡精矿中的微量元素。  相似文献   

Negative-emissions technology portfolios to meet the 1.5 °C target     

《Global Environmental Change》2021

Our carbon-intensive economy has led to an average temperature rise of 1 °C since pre-industrial times. As a consequence, the world has seen increasing droughts, significant shrinking of the polar ice caps, and steady sea-level rise. To stall these issues’ worsening further, we must limit global warming to 1.5 °C. In addition to the economy’s decarbonization, this endeavour requires the use of negative-emissions technologies (NETs) that remove the main greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere. While techno-economic feasibility alone has driven the definition of negative-emissions solutions, NETs’ diverse, far-reaching implications demand a more holistic assessment. Here, we present a comprehensive framework, integrating NETs’ critical performance aspects of feasibility, effectiveness, and side impacts, to define the optimal technology mix within realistic outlooks. The resulting technology portfolios provide a useful new benchmark to compare carbon avoidance and removal measures and deliberately choose the best path to solve the climate emergency.  相似文献   

硫铝酸盐水泥去除微污染水体中磷的性能及机理     

杨蕤  刘国  黄艳采  张琪琪  徐芬  廖兵  刘静 《湖泊科学》2022,34(3):828-842

微污染湖泊、水库等水体中磷的去除已成为水质研究的主要方向.磷是造成水体富营养化的关键因素,其浓度较低时即可导致水体富营养化与水华的发生,许多除磷方法对低浓度磷的去除效果不佳.因此,我们从22种天然矿物、火山灰质材料和水硬性材料中,筛选出了能高效去除低浓度磷的硫铝酸盐水泥（代号R.SAC 42.5,简称R）,该材料在中性、偏酸性的溶液中呈絮凝体状态.本文从吸附动力学、等温吸附曲线、SEM和XRD分析3个方面研究了R对微污染水体中磷的去除机理、环境因素（pH、温度、光照、扰动和溶解氧浓度）对已被R絮凝体吸附的磷酸盐再次溶出的影响以及R在实际微污染水体中的应用效果.结果表明,中性条件下,R絮凝体在0.5 min内就可完成对磷酸盐的去除.当R絮凝体用量为0.10 g/L时,可将0.10 mg/L的磷酸盐完全去除.初步分析表明,磷的去除是由于R絮凝体与磷酸盐之间的化学吸附作用,吸附初始反应阶段可由Langmuir等温线描述.SEM和XRD分析表明磷酸盐主要吸附在R中的硅酸三钙表面,絮凝后的R通过溶液中离子的网捕、压缩、沉降增加了磷酸盐吸附量.环境因子实验表明,在pH为5.0~8.0范围内,磷酸盐去除率可达90%以上.光、温度和溶解氧不影响磷酸盐的去除.扰动会导致部分磷酸盐解吸,但磷酸盐浓度仍低于0.05 mg/L.对微污染湖泊/水库除磷研究表明,絮凝后的R在湖泊/水库除磷、截留水中悬浮物、预防水体富营养化与水华方面具有潜在的应用前景.  相似文献   

河北保定岩溶地热结垢过程模拟及防垢对策     

何雨江  刘肖  邢林啸  谭现锋  卜宪标 《地学前缘》2022,29(4):430-437

我国的地热发电以及部分供暖工程出现了比较严重的结垢现象,阻碍了地热能的大规模开发利用,目前地热市场急需成熟的防垢理论和工艺。地热工程的结垢现象尤以碳酸钙结垢最为普遍,为解决碳酸钙结垢问题,本文以华北保定岩溶地热井结垢为研究对象,通过理论和实验相结合的手段研究分析了垢质成分,成垢机理,结垢位置和过程以及防垢措施。研究结果表明:(1)系统降压造成的闪蒸是碳酸钙结垢的主因,液相二氧化碳逸出到气相是碳酸钙结垢的主要驱动力;(2)根据井口参数,结合质量、动量和能量守恒以及两相流压降理论,可以模拟结垢过程,确定结垢位置以及不同深度处的压力、温度、干度和二氧化碳分压等参数;(3)闪蒸造成的碳酸钙结垢,确定了闪蒸位置和闪蒸压力后,可以通过加压和加注阻垢剂的方式进行阻垢。通过模拟计算,确定了加压防垢系统所需的最低压力,通过控制系统压力可防止闪蒸,抑制二氧化碳逸出造成的结垢。设计了阻垢工艺,研制了阻垢剂加注设备,开展了井下化学阻垢实验并评价了阻垢效果,通过加注阻垢剂可有效阻止90%以上的垢生成,论证了通过加注化学阻垢剂可以有效解决碳酸钙结垢。通过上述研究,积累了从结垢原因分析,结垢位置确定,结垢过程模拟,防垢工艺和设备研发,防垢实践到阻垢效果现场评价一整套经验,可为其他地热井碳酸钙结垢问题的解决提供参考依据。  相似文献   

Targeting carbon dioxide removal in the European Union     

Oliver Geden  Glen P. Peters  Vivian Scott 《Climate Policy》2019,19(4):487-494

In principle, many climate policymakers have accepted that large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is necessary to meet the Paris Agreement’s mitigation targets, but they have avoided proposing by whom CDR might be delivered. Given its role in international climate policy, the European Union (EU) might be expected to lead the way. But among EU climate policymakers so far there is little talk on CDR, let alone action. Here we assess how best to ‘target’ CDR to motivate EU policymakers exploring which CDR target strategy may work best to start dealing with CDR on a meaningful scale. A comprehensive CDR approach would focus on delivering the CDR volumes required from the EU by 2100, approximately at least 50 Gigatonnes (Gt) CO₂, according to global model simulations aiming to keep warming below 2°C. A limited CDR approach would focus on an intermediate target to deliver the CDR needed to reach ‘net zero emissions’ (i.e. the gross negative emissions needed to offset residual positive emissions that are too expensive or even impossible to mitigate). We argue that a comprehensive CDR approach may be too intimidating for EU policymakers. A limited CDR approach that only addresses the necessary steps to reach the (intermediate) target of ‘net zero emissions’ is arguably more achievable, since it is a better match to the existing policy paradigm and would allow for a pragmatic phase-in of CDR while avoiding outright resistance by environmental NGOs and the broader public.

Key policy insights

• Making CDR an integral part of EU climate policy has the potential to significantly reshape the policy landscape.

• Burden sharing considerations would probably play a major role, with comprehensive CDR prolonging the disparity and tensions between progressives and laggards.

• Introducing limited CDR in the context of ‘net zero’ pathways would retain a visible primary focus on decarbonization but acknowledge the need for a significant enhancement of removals via ‘natural’ and/or ‘engineered’ sinks.

• A decarbonization approach that intends to lead to a low level of ‘residual emissions’ (to be tackled by a pragmatic phase-in of CDR) should be the priority of EU climate policy.

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海水人工湿地系统脱氮效果与基质酶活性的相关性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴俊泽  王艳艳  李悦悦  祝佳玄  曲克明  崔正国 《海洋科学》2019,43(5):36-44

利用海水人工湿地系统处理海水养殖外排水,分析了人工湿地对不同形态氮的净化效果,探讨了人工湿地表层基质酶活性变化及其对系统脱氮效果的影响。选取互花米草作为人工湿地植物,煤渣、珊瑚石和细砂作为人工湿地基质,实验期间连续进水,系统运行稳定。研究结果表明:海水人工湿地系统对氨氮(NH4-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2-N)、硝态氮(NO3-N)、总氮(TN)和可溶性有机氮(DON)去除效果显著,去除率分别为(99.6±0.7)%、(99.9±0.0)%、(98.2±2.0)%、(92.6±1.5)%和(86.1±4.8)%。人工湿地表层基质下行池脱氢酶、硝酸还原酶和脲酶的酶活性均高于上行池,下行池对污染物的去除效果更好。脱氢酶活性与海水人工湿地系统氨氮的去除有关;硝酸还原酶活性影响着海水人工湿地硝态氮的去除;脲酶活性与人工湿地总氮和硝态氮的去除存在明显相关趋势。下行池硝酸还原酶和脲酶的酶活性间具有显著相关性(r=0.76, P0.05)。人工湿地微生物种类丰富,下行池微生物多样性高于上行池,植物根部微生物多样性最高,提高了系统脱氮的效率。上述研究结果将有助于阐明海水人工湿地系统中不同形态氮的迁移转化机理。  相似文献   

海马齿浮床对富营养化海湾营养盐削减的模型评价：以东山湾八尺门养殖海域为例     

刘学海  蒲新明  罗东莲  芦静  刘自力 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(12):91-100

Many coastal seas are severely eutrophic and required to reduce nutrient concentrations to meet a certain water quality standard. We proposed a method for nutrient removal by planting Sesuvium portulacastrum at the water surface using the floating beds in the aquaculture area of the Dongshan Bay as an example, which is an important net-cage culture base in China and where dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP) reach 0.75 mg/L and 0.097 mg/L, respectively far exceeding China's Grade IV water quality standards.Numerical simulations were taken using the ecological model, field observations and field plantation experimental results to assess the environmental restoration effects of planting S. portulacastrum at some certain spatial scales. Our field experiments suggested that the herbs can absorb 377 g/m~2 nitrogen and 22.9 g/m~2 phosphorus in eight months with an inserting density of ～60 shoot/m~2. The numerical experiments show that the greater the plantation area is, the more nutrient removal. Plantation in ～12% of the study area could lower nutrients to the required Grade II standards, i.e., 0.2 mg/LDIN≤0.3 mg/L and 0.015 mg/LDIP≤0.03 mg/L.Here the phytoremediation method and results provide helpful references for environmental restoration in other eutrophic seas.  相似文献   

Season Effects on Subsurface Constructed Wetlands Performance: Role of Radial Oxygen Loss of Phragmites australis     

Qian Wang  Zhenfeng Cao  Yanbiao Hu  Qiang Kong  Fei Xu  Yuanda Du  Congcong Zhao 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2019,47(8)

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Moringa‐Seed‐Based Coagulant Removes Microcystins Dissolved in Water     

Selma Gouvea‐Barros  Maria d. C. Bittencourt‐Oliveira  Jos E. S. Paterniani 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2019,47(6)

  相似文献