毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿（Caragana）根系微域细菌群落多样性特征     

周子渊  于明含  丁国栋  高广磊  何莹莹 《中国沙漠》2020,40(4):128-137

基于16S rRNA高通量基因测序技术，对毛乌素沙地小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla)、柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）根系微域（即根系、根际土、根区土、灌丛间空白土）间的细菌群落多样性和结构差异性进行表征。本研究对各根系微域间细菌群落的Alpha多样性指数进行了单因素方差分析以及基于OTU水平的PCA分析，探究其在根系微域间Alpha和Beta多样性的层级变化，证实了有关植物根系微域生态位分化的报道，并发现锦鸡儿属植物根系微域间细菌群落的多样性和结构组成随着4个微域类型由外及内呈现出显著的层级差异性（P<0.05）。通过对优势细菌群组的结构组成分析，发现锦鸡儿属植物对特定细菌群组具有显著的向根系内筛选富集的作用（P<0.05）。这种植物通过根系微域对特定细菌群组的逐级筛选富集作用，是导致锦鸡儿属植物灌丛下不同生态位间细菌群落结构和组成发生层级变异的主要原因。  相似文献   

Nematode distribution in cultivated and undisturbed soils of Guinea Savannah and Semi-deciduous Forest zones of Ghana     

Obed Asiedu  Charles Kodia Kwoseh  Haddish Melakeberhan  Thomas Adjei-Gyapong 《地学前缘(英文版)》2019,10(2):381-387

Climate change affects air temperature, sea levels as well as the soil and its ecosystem. The Guinea Savannah and Semi-deciduous Forest zones of Ghana are characterized by different climatic conditions and vegetative cover. Annual average temperature has been steadily increasing whilst annual total rainfall has been decreasing in both zones, and this has been causing a southward shift of the Savannah into the Forest zone. Soil organisms provide crucial ecosystem services which are required for sustainable agriculture and food production yet crop cultivation disturbs the soil ecosystem. The harsh conditions associated with the Savannah further expose the soil ecosystem to disturbance and loss of biodiversity which threatens food production and security. Soil nematodes are the most abundant animals in the soil and play a central and critical role in the soil food web complex. Studying the nematode community structure gives a reflection of the status of the entire soil ecosystem. Soil samples were taken from cultivated and natural landscapes in the Guinea Savannah and Semi-deciduous Forest agroecological zones to analyse the nematode community. Results from the study showed the Guinea Savannah zone recording warmer soil temperatures, lower organic matter percentage and lower nematode diversity(Genus Richness) as compared to the Semi-deciduous Forest zone. If the Savannah continues to shift southward, the Forest zone soil ecosystem risks disturbance and loss of biodiversity due to the harsh Savannah conditions. Our findings indicate that prevailing crop cultivation practices also disturb soil ecosystem in the two ecological zones which span across West Africa. A disturbed soil ecosystem endangers the future of food production and food security.  相似文献   

A comparison of the effectiveness of the roots of two grass species in reducing soil erosion on alluvial fans in south-east China     

Fangshi Jiang  Kaiwen He  Jiahui Lin  Hui Li  Zhenzhi Zhan  Jinshi Lin  Hongli Ge  Ming Kuang Wang  Yanhe Huang 《水文研究》2020,34(1):96-110

The effects of root systems on soil detachment by overland flow are closely related to vegetation types. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of two gramineous roots (Paspalum mandiocanum with shallow roots and Pennisetum giganteum with deep roots) on soil detachment capacity, rill erodibility, and critical shear stress on alluvial fans of benggang in south-east China. A 4-m-long and 0.12-m-wide flume was used. Slope steepness ranged from 9% to 27%, and unit flow discharge ranged from 1.39 × 10⁻³ to 4.19 × 10⁻³ m² s⁻¹. The mean detachment capacities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 18% and 38% lower than that of bare land, respectively, and the effects of root on reducing soil detachment were mainly reflected in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer. The most important factors in characterizing soil detachment capacity were root length density and soil cohesion, and soil detachment capacity of the two grass lands could be estimated using flow shear stress, soil cohesion, and root length density (NSE = 0.90). With the increase in soil depth, rill erodibility increased, whereas shear stress decreased. The mean rill erodibilities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 81% and 61% as much as that of bare land, respectively. Additionally, rill erodibilities of the two grass lands could be estimated as an exponential function by root length density and soil cohesion (NSE = 0.88). The mean critical shear stress of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands was 1.29 and 1.39 times that of bare land, respectively, and it could be estimated with a linear function by root length density (NSE = 0.76). This study demonstrated that planting of the two grasses P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum could effectively reduce soil detachment and enhance soil resistance to erosion on alluvial fans, with the deep roots of P. giganteum being more effective than the shallow roots of P. mandiocanum. The results are helpful for understanding the influencing mechanism of root systems on soil detachment process.  相似文献   

激光跟踪仪在核电站主管道安装中的应用     

郭建兵 《北京测绘》2020,(1):123-125

目前,核电站的主管道焊接越来越多的采用了自动焊技术,这有利于提高焊接质量效率,还可以压缩建设成本。然而,主管道自动焊对焊缝的限差较现有工艺要求更高,高精度的测量是实现主管道自动焊的必要条件之一。本文针对主管道自动焊管口组队高精度的技术要求,提出采用激光跟踪仪对主管道自动焊相关的设备进行更为精密的三维工业测量,通过理论技术评定测量精度,然后选择测量仪器和编制具体的测量方案,最终保证了主管道自动焊精确组对的实现。  相似文献   

基于线粒体控制区序列的花斑蛇鲻遗传多态性分析     

李敏  孔啸兰  许友伟  陈作志 《热带海洋学报》2020,39(4):42-49

花斑蛇鲻(Saurida undosquamis)是一种重要的底层经济鱼类, 本研究利用线粒体控制区(D-loop区)序列分析了中国近海分布的花斑蛇鲻的遗传结构和遗传多样性, 一共测定了6个地理群体129尾样本的D-loop区全序列。结果显示, 全长为921bp的序列包含71个多态性位点, 共检测到101个单倍型。花斑蛇鲻总体呈现很高的单倍型多样性(0.9873 ± 0.0048)和较低的核苷酸多样性(0.0132 ± 0.0067)的特征。基于邻接法构建的单倍型系统发育树的拓扑结构很浅, 没有形成分化明显的支系。单倍型在各个地理群体中的分布呈分散交叉状态, 表明地理群体间没有显著的遗传分化。6个群体的分子方差分析显示, 花斑蛇鲻绝大部分的遗传变异(99.87%)来源于群体内的个体之间, 而群体间的变异仅占0.13%。大部分地理群体之间的遗传分化指数(F_ST)均很小, 揭示了群体间的基因交流很频繁, 存在高度的遗传同质性。这些研究结果表明中国近海的花斑蛇鲻遗传多样性丰富, 没有明显的遗传分化, 是一个随机交配群, 可以作为同一个渔业单元来管理。  相似文献   

内蒙古突泉盆地南部中侏罗世植物群初探     

张德军  张健  郑月娟  陈树旺  苏飞  黄欣  张海华 《地质与资源》2019,28(1):7-12

报道了突泉盆地南部牤牛海地区发现的植物大化石15属26种，主要包括有节类Noecalamites sp.、Equisetites sp.，真蕨类Todites goeppertianus、T.williamsoni、Cladophlebis argutula、C.hsiehiana、C.shansiensis，松柏类Pityospermum staratschini、P.nordenskioldi、Podozamites schenki、P.lanceolotus，银杏类Czekanowskia rigida、Ginkgo huttoni、Ginkgoites cf.Sibiricus、G.sibiricus、G.cf.marginatus、G.lepidus、Vittifoliolum paucinerve、Phoenicopsis speciosa、Sphenobailra sp.，苏铁类Nilssonia sinensis以及裸子植物花果和种子Carpolithus sp.等，其中以真蕨类（26.9%）和银杏类（38.5%）占优势，松柏类（19.2%）占一定比重，含少量的木贼类（7.7%）、苏铁类（3.8%）以及裸子植物花果和种子化石（3.8%）.结合前人在该地区发现Raphaelia diamensis，指示该套含可采煤层的细碎屑岩组合具有浓厚的中侏罗世早期的时代特征，应为中侏罗世万宝组.根据植物组合中主要发育真蕨纲的Cladophlebis，银杏纲银杏目的Ginkgo、Ginkgoites、Sphenobailra以及松柏纲苏铁衫杉科的Podozamites等分子，结合当时整个万宝组植物群面貌以及地层中含煤、发育沉积铁矿等特征，可推测研究区当时具有温暖潮湿的古气候环境.  相似文献   

基于卫星遥感数据的森林病虫害监测与评价     

王涵  赵文武  刘月  刘焱序 《地理研究》2019,74(4):831-843

森林病虫害由于在森林资源中造成的重大破坏而被人们称为“不冒烟的火灾”,其对生态系统的研究具有重要意义。现有基于遥感数据的病虫害研究多集中在森林病虫害的监测、爆发原因以及发病区域内生产力的变化情况,而对于森林病虫害发生后森林中植被指数与叶面积指数之间的相关性的变化情况还相对较少,处于需要持续性深入探讨的阶段。以加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚地区2002—2012年森林病虫害数据为基础,分析不同严重程度的病虫害对叶面积指数（LAI）与归一化植被指数（NDVI）和增强型植被指数（EVI）的影响。结果表明：① 受病虫害感染的像元在轻度（Light）、中度（Moderate）和重度（Severe）三个严重级别中,NDVI与LAI之间的相关性由弱变强,又由强变弱;② EVI与LAI之间的相关性,在轻度（Light）、中度（Moderate）和重度（Severe）三个严重级别的像元中则依次变强。这一研究将为今后利用遥感数据识别病虫害、评价生态系统影响提供基础。  相似文献   

An introduction to the classification of the physiognomic landscape types: methodology and results of testing in the area of Kazimierz Landscape Park (Poland)     

Malwina Michalik-Śnieżek  S. Chmielewski  T. J. Chmielewski 《自然地理学》2019,40(4):384-404

The publication of the European Landscape Convention (2000) had a stimulating effect on the development of both new systems of landscape classification and new methods of their evaluation and mapping. As an example, a new classification of physiognomic landscape types was developed in Poland in 2014. The objectives of the paper are to (1) popularize, on the international scale, the classification of physiognomic landscape types in a new, improved version, (2) present the original method of physiognomic landscape types mapping with the use of the system of basic landscape units, and (3) present the results of testing of the method in the area of the Kazimierz Landscape Park, Poland. In the area of the Kazimierz Landscape Park, 491 basic landscape units were delimited, within which, on the basis of the leading traits of land relief and cover forms, the physiognomic landscape types were identified. Maps of this type can be important tools in implementing the recommendations of the European Landscape Convention. The total number of physiognomic landscape types identified within a specific area can be one of the key indicators of landscape diversity.  相似文献   

额河源流采金矿区不同恢复措施对矿区物种多样性和地上生物量的影响          下载免费PDF全文

许佳  祝晓瞳  苑塏烨 《干旱区地理》2019,42(3):581-589

以额河源流采金后废弃矿区为研究对象，于2011—2015年期间，通过采取不同恢复措施从被破坏矿区草地植物多样性和生物量的角度分析植被恢复效果。结果表明：（1）不同恢复措施促使各植物群落的物种数增加了5%～30%,说明采取恢复措施使得矿区生态环境得到了一定程度的恢复。（2）综合植被群落结构、盖度和地上生物量、物种多样性指数分析，措施A5（推平+圈羊）、A4（推平+补水）、A3（推平+覆土+黑加仑）较其他措施恢复效果更为显著。（3）通过对各样地植被丰富度指数（R）、Shannon Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数（D）、Pielou (Jsw)指数与地上生物量分别进行回归分析,发现指数曲线拟合关系最好。表明物种多样性与地上生物量均存在较显著的正相关关系(P <0.05)。本研究可为类似矿区的植被恢复与重建提供参考和借鉴。  相似文献   

考虑填充墙影响的钢筋混凝土厂房结构地震易损性分析     

梁志强  徐超  温增平 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(4):707-718

采用对角斜撑模拟纵向填充墙的作用，建立考虑填充墙和不考虑填充墙厂房结构模型，采用拉丁超立方抽样技术建立考虑材料不确定性的结构分析样本，基于随机Pushover分析确定结构不同破坏状态下的统计参数。综合考虑结构材料强度及输入地震动不确定性的影响，通过非线性时程分析开展单层钢筋混凝土厂房结构易损性研究，在此基础上比较结构横、纵向易损性的差异，研究填充墙对结构易损性的影响。研究结果表明:钢筋混凝土厂房结构体系横向地震易损性显著大于纵向地震易损性；对纵向结构体系而言，加入填充墙会明显降低结构易损性，但在相同强度的地震动作用下，填充墙破坏程度比主体结构严重，这与厂房结构的实际震害特征相符。  相似文献