Wood and sediment storage and dynamics in river corridors          下载免费PDF全文

Ellen Wohl  Daniel N. Scott 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(1):5-23

Large wood along rivers influences entrainment, transport, and storage of mineral sediment and particulate organic matter. We review how wood alters sediment dynamics and explore patterns among volumes of in‐stream wood, sediment storage, and residual pools for dispersed pieces of wood, logjams, and beaver dams. We hypothesized that: volume of sediment per unit area of channel stored in association with wood is inversely proportional to drainage area; the form of sediment storage changes downstream; sediment storage correlates with wood load; the residual volume of pools created in association with wood correlates inversely with drainage area; and volume of sediment stored behind beaver dams correlates with pond area. Lack of data from larger drainage areas limits tests of these hypotheses, but the analyses suggest that sediment volume correlates positively with drainage area and wood volume. The form of sediment storage in relation to wood appears to change downstream, with wedges of sediment upstream from jammed steps most prevalent in small, steep channels and more dispersed sediment storage in lower gradient channels. Pool volume correlates positively with wood volume and negatively with channel gradient. Sediment volume correlates well with beaver pond area. More abundant in‐stream wood and beaver populations present historically equated to greater sediment storage within river corridors and greater residual pool volume. One implication of these changes is that protecting and re‐introducing wood and beavers can be used to restore rivers. This review of the existing literature on wood and sediment dynamics highlights the lack of studies on larger rivers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effect of storms during drought on post‐wildfire recovery of channel sediment dynamics and habitat in the southern California chaparral,USA          下载免费PDF全文

Joan L. Florsheim  Anne Chin  Alicia M. Kinoshita  Samira Nourbakhshbeidokhti 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(10):1482-1492

Current global warming projections suggest a possible increase in wildfire and drought, augmenting the need to understand how drought following wildfire affects the recovery of stream channels in relation to sediment dynamics. We investigated post‐wildfire geomorphic responses caused by storms during a prolonged drought following the 2013 Springs Fire in southern California (USA), using multi‐temporal terrestrial laser scanning and detailed field measurements. After the fire, a dry‐season dry‐ravel sediment pulse contributed sand and small gravel to hillslope‐channel margins in Big Sycamore Creek and its tributaries. A small storm in WY 2014 generated sufficient flow to mobilize a portion of the sediment derived from the dry‐ravel pulse and deposited the fine sediment in the channel, totaling ~0.60 m³/m of volume per unit length of channel. The sediment deposit buried step‐pool habitat structure and reduced roughness by over 90%. These changes altered sediment transport characteristics of the bed material present before and after the storm; the ratio of available to critical shear stress (τ_o/τ_c) increased by five times. Storms during WY 2015 contributed additional fine sediment from tributaries and lower hillslopes and hyperconcentrated flow transported and deposited additional sediment in the channel. Together these sources delivered sediment on the order of six times that in 2014, further increasing τ_o/τ_c. These storms during multi‐year drought following wildfire transformed channel dynamics. The increased sediment transport capacity persisted during the drought period characterized by the longer residence time of relatively fine‐grained post‐fire channel sedimentation. This contrasts with wetter years, when post‐fire sediment is transported from the fluvial system during the same season as the post‐fire sediment pulse. Results of this short‐term study highlight the complex and substantial effects of multi‐year drought on geomorphic responses following wildfire. These responses influence pool habitat that is critical to longer‐term post‐wildfire riparian ecosystem recovery. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Numerical simulation of agricultural sediment and pesticide runoff: RZWQM and PRZM comparison          下载免费PDF全文

Huajin Chen  Xuyang Zhang  Christopher Demars  Minghua Zhang 《水文研究》2017,31(13):2464-2476

Agricultural sediment and pesticide runoff is a widespread ecological and human health concern. Numerical simulation models, such as Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) and Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM), have been increasingly used to quantify off‐site agricultural pollutant movement. However, RZWQM has been criticized for its inability to simulate sedimentation processes. The recent incorporation of the sedimentation module of Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems has enabled RZWQM to simulate sediment and sediment‐associated pesticides. This study compares the sediment and pesticide transport simulation performance of the newly released RZWQM and PRZM using runoff data from 2 alfalfa fields in Davis, California. A composite metric (based on coefficient of determination, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, index of agreement, and percent bias) was developed and employed to ensure robust, comprehensive assessment of model performance. Results showed that surface water runoff was predicted reasonably well (absolute percent bias <31%) by RZWQM and PRZM after adjusting important hydrologic parameters. Even after calibration, underestimation bias (?89% ≤ PBIAS ≤ ?36%) for sediment yield was observed in both models. This might be attributed to PRZM's incorrect distribution of input water and uncertainty in RZWQM's runoff erosivity coefficient. Moreover, the underestimation of sediment might be less if the origin of measured sediment was considered. Chlorpyrifos losses were simulated with reasonable accuracy especially for Field A (absolute PBIAS ≤ 22%), whereas diuron losses were underestimated to a great extent (?98% ≤ PBIAS ≤ ?65%) in both models. This could be attributed to the underprediction of herbicide concentration in the top soil due to the limitations of the instantaneous equilibrium sorption model as well as the high runoff potential of herbicide formulated as water‐dispersible granules. RZWQM and PRZM partitioned pesticides into the water and sediment phases similarly. According to model predictions, the majority of pesticide loads were carried via the water phase. On the basis of this study, both RZWQM and PRZM performed well in predicting runoff that carried highly adsorptive pesticides on an event basis, although the more physically based RZWQM is recommended when field‐measured soil hydraulic properties are available.  相似文献   

马兰煤矿矿井水水质变化特征及成因     

李文生  孙红福 《煤田地质与勘探》2013,(4)

通过对山西省马兰煤矿2号煤层采掘面在开采和封闭时期的矿井水和沉积物的研究，揭示采掘面封闭前后对矿井水水质和沉积物的影响机理。研究结果表明：马兰煤矿矿井水均为 SO4-Ca型水质，矿井水均富含 SO2-4和 Fe离子；随着上部煤层的不断开采，3处矿井水呈现相同的变化规律，矿井水的pH值升高，Eh值降低，SO2-4、Fe、Mn和Zn离子浓度随之下降，其中北一暗斜井处的矿井水水质变化最显著；矿井水水质指标和流速变化能够控制其沉积物的矿物组成和结晶程度，北一暗斜井处的沉积物在两次采样中由斯沃特曼铁矿变为针铁矿，而其他两处的矿井水沉积物矿物组分没有发生变化，主要由针铁矿组成。研究结果能够提高对老空区积水水质的预测精度，并对煤矿突水水源判识具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Diagnosis of river basins as CO2 sources or sinks subject to sediment movement     

Yao Yue  Jinren Ni  Alistair G. L. Borthwick  Chiyuan Miao 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(13):1398-1406

Sediment movement during erosion, transport and deposition greatly affects the ecosystem of river basins. However, there is presently no consensus as to whether particular river basins act as carbon dioxide (CO₂) sources or sinks related to these processes. This paper introduces a rule‐of‐thumb coordinate system based on sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and soil humin content (SHC) in order to evaluate the net effect of soil erosion, sediment transport and deposition on CO₂ flux in river basins. The SDR–SHC system delineates CO₂ source and sink areas, and further divides the sink into strong and weak areas according to the world‐average line. The Yellow River Basin, most severely suffering soil erosion in the world, only appears to be a weak erosion‐induced CO₂ sink in this system. The average annual CO₂ sequestration is ~0·235 Mt from 1960 to 2008, a relatively small value considering its 3·1% contribution to the World's sediment discharge. The temporal analysis shows that the Yellow River Basin was once a source in the 1960s, but changed its role to become a weak sink in the past 40 years due to both anthropogenic and climatic influences. The spatial analysis identifies the middle sub‐basin as the main source region, and the lower as the main sink. For comparison, sediment‐movement‐related CO₂ fluxes of eight other major basins in four continents are examined. It is found that the six basins considered in the Northern Hemisphere appear to be sinks, while the other two in the Southern Hemisphere act as sources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

罗布泊Ls2孔近7.1Ma以来沉积物的环境磁学研究     

常秋芳  常宏 《第四纪研究》2013,33(5)

塔里木盆地的高分辨率环境记录对于理解西部干旱乃至全球变化至关重要.湖泊沉积物的磁学参数能够记录沉积环境和古气候信息.罗布泊地区是受西风影响的典型区域.本文选取罗布泊Ls2孔7.1Ma以来长度达1050.6m的沉积物进行详细的岩石磁学与环境磁学研究.结果表明,磁铁矿和赤铁矿是沉积物中主要载磁矿物.钻孔底部和上部的沉积物磁铁矿含量相对较高,中部强磁性矿物浓度降低导致赤铁矿占主导.磁性矿物以PSD (pseudo-single-domain)颗粒为主,并含有极少量的SP(super-paramagnetic)颗粒.罗布泊Ls2孔的S-ratio比值表明,7.1～5.6Ma气候为相对较干旱和相对较湿润交替出现,5.6～3.6Ma干旱化加剧,3.60～0.74Ma有所缓和,0.74～OMa干旱化最为强烈,其中5.1Ma和3.6Ma是两个明显的转折点.多磁学参数表明,晚中、上新世以来罗布泊地区的磁性矿物含量的变化,可以反映罗布泊地区气候渐进式的干旱化过程.  相似文献   

海南东寨港重金属在多种环境介质中污染状况及评价     

田海涛  曹玲珑  王平  谢健  何远胜 《海洋通报(英文版)》2013,(2):87-96

分析了东寨港海水、表层沉积物和生物体中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、类金属As的含量及分布特征，并运用单因子指数法、地积累指数法评价了该调查区重金属污染程度。结果表明：东寨港海水中除Pb的含量符合二类海水标准外，其余含量均符合一类海水标准，且远低于渔业水质标准限值；表层沉积物中典型重金属元素含量都符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准，基本属于无污染区；本区湿地沉积物中的重金属含量比岛内及周边区典型红树林湿地略偏高；红树林及暗滩沉积物中重金属比东寨港水底沉积物重金属含量高，表明河口湾潮滩上的红树林区可能是重金属元素的富集区，东寨港目前可能受到了陆源污染的影响；生物体中重金属含量均符合一类标准，符合无公害水产品的要求。  相似文献   

长江口潮滩有机质稳定碳同位素时空分布与来源分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

余婕  刘敏  许世远  侯立军  欧冬妮  程书波 《地理研究》2008,27(4):847-854

通过测定长江口潮滩悬浮颗粒有机质和表层沉积有机质在枯水季节 (2006年2月 )和洪水季节 (2006年8月 )的稳定碳同位素值,对有机质潜在来源及局部岸段改造作用进行了分析。结果显示,悬浮颗粒有机质稳定碳同位素值在2月明显低于8月,变化范围分别在-25.8‰~-23.4‰和-25.1‰~-22.9‰,主要是受径流量枯洪季变化和浮游生物生长季节变化两种因素的叠加作用。表层沉积有机质2月和8月的稳定碳同位素分别为-25.0‰~-20.4‰和-24.7‰~-19.5‰,季节变化不明显,主要来自悬浮颗粒物的沉降。除受大背景环境因素影响,局部环境对潮滩有机质也有一定的改造作用,污水、支流河水的输入对悬浮颗粒有机质碳同位素有一定的影响,埋藏的潮滩植物和底栖微藻则对沉积有机质有部分贡献。  相似文献   

陕北典型地区乡村聚落水蚀泥沙规律的初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

岳大鹏  甘枝茂 《地域研究与开发》2008,27(3):88-93

通过定位观测资料的分析,发现陕北多沙粗沙区乡村聚落的平均年侵蚀强度达5434.3t/km2,户间道路、户间空地、庭院的平均侵蚀强度分别达7348t/km2.6873.2 t/km2,2081.7t/km2.除庭院属轻度级侵蚀外,其它已达强度级侵蚀.同时延安的户间道路(14190.8t/km2),榆林的户间空地(13547.4t/km2),已达极强度侵蚀.应加强研究和防治.水蚀泥沙的粒度以0.01～0.05 mm的粗粉沙和0.001～0.005 mm的粘粒为主,分别占到43.98%和19.81%,≥0.05mm的粗泥沙含量明显小于聚落以外的坡面,而且区域变化比较明显,从南到北,细粒成分愈来愈少,粗粒成分越来越多;与土壤粒度相比,粗泥沙水蚀系数在庭院、户间道路、户间空地分别达到0.54,0.55,0.75,平均为0.61.  相似文献   

溶解无机态营养盐在渤海沉积物-海水界面交换通量研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王修林  辛宇  石峰  韩秀荣  祝陈坚  石晓勇 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2007,37(5):795-800

了解无机态营养严在渤海沉积物-海水界面交换速率、通量基控制因素,于2002-08-06~08-24,应用船基沉积物培养方法,现场测定了硅酸盐(SiO3-Si)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)和溶解无机氮(DIN)在沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率(νN)和交换通量(FN)。结果显示,νSiO3-Si变化范围为2 220~4 317μmol.m-2.d-1,平均为3 466μmol.m-2.d-1,νPO4-P为0.4~77μmol.m-2.d-1,平均为39μmol.m-2.d-1,νDIN为667~2 167μmol.m-2.d-1,平均为1 308μmol.m-2.d-1,其中NH4-N和NO3-N的贡献分别为48%和47%左右。进一步分析表明,νSiO3-Si主要由溶解和扩散2个过程控制,前者决定于沉积物黏土矿物含量和含水率,后者决定于营养盐浓度和温度。νPO4-P主要由在以黏土为主的细颗粒和氢氧化铁上的吸附-解吸和扩散过程控制,前者分别决定于沉积物粒度和上覆水中DO浓度,而后者决定于间隙水与上覆水之间的浓度差。结果表明,FSiO3为2.59×1013mmol,FPO4为2.95×1011mmol,FDIN/SE为8.62×1012mmol。这样,为维持夏季渤海初级生产力,沉积物交换过程可提供大约65%的SiO3-Si、12%的PO4-P和22%的DIN,远远高于以河流径流为主的陆源排放。  相似文献