景电灌区移民对祁连山植被恢复的相对生态价值          下载免费PDF全文

赵建林  康德奎  彭维恩  王建礼  史中兴  陈天顺  董志洋  汪杰  常兆丰 《干旱区地理》2020,43(1):182-189

近些年来，生态系统的服务价值研究已成为生态学以及生态经济学领域中的一个热点问题。祁连山被称为伸进西北干旱区的一座湿岛，在我国“一带一路”建设中占有重要地位。景电灌区兴建以来从祁连山移出了大量农牧民。那么，景电灌区移民对祁连山植被恢复的生态价值如何呢？以景电灌区移民涉及到的祁连山东端景泰、古浪、天祝3县山区为研究区，用价值工程方法对从祁连山区向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草的生态价值做了分析，并与模型因子当量法的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明：祁连山向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草总的生态价值为37.458 1×10⁸元。其中，退耕还林还草的生态价值为37.438 6×0⁸元，退牧后草场植被盖度增加的生态价值为194.79×104元。计算结果为用COSTANZA和谢高地模型因子当量法计算得的祁连山向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草总的生态服务价值40.054 0×0⁸元的93.52%。两种方法计算结果祁连山向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草总的生态价值为景电工程年总成本1.45×0⁸元的25.8~27.6倍。两种计算结果一致表明，景电灌区生态移民对祁连山植被恢复的生态价值十分突出。由此也可以看出，COSTANZA和谢高地模型因子当量法适用于祁连山的生态服务价值分析。  相似文献   

Impact of Grazing Exclusion on the Surface Heat Balance in North Tibet     

FENG Yunfei  DI Yingwei  ZHANG Jing  ZHANG Xianzhou  SHI Peili  Niu Ben 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,11(3):283-289

The grazing exclusion program used by the Tibetan government to protect the ecological environment has changed the vegetation and impacted the surface heat balance in North Tibet. However, little information is available to describe the in?uences of the current grazing exclusion program on local surface heat balance. This study uses the records of fenced grassland patch locations to identify the impact of grazing exclusion on surface heat balance in North Tibet. The records of fenced grassland patch locations, including the longitude, latitude, and elevation of the vertices of each fenced patch (polygon shapes), were provided by the agriculture and animal husbandry bureaus of the counties where the patches were located. ArcGIS 10.2 was used to create polygon shapes based on patch location records. Based on satellite data and the surface heat balance system determined by the model, values for changes in land surface temperature (LST), albedo and evapotranspiration (ET) induced by grazing exclusion were obtained. All of these can influence surface heat balance and alter the fluctuation of LST in the northern Tibetan Plateau. The LST trends for day and night showed an asymmetric diurnal variation, with a larger magnitude of warming in the day than cooling at night. The maximum decrease in absorbed shortwave of LST (-0.5 - -0.4 ℃ per decade) occurred in the central region, while the minimum decrease (-0.2 - -0.1 ℃ per decade) occurred in the eastern region. The decreased latent heat lead to the LST increased maximum (>1 ℃ per decade) occurred in the central region, The eastern region increased at a rate of 0.2-0.5 ℃ per decade, while the minimum increase (0-0.1 ℃ per decade) occurred in the northwestern region.  相似文献   

The impact of rural land management changes on soil hydraulic properties and runoff processes: results from experimental plots in upland UK          下载免费PDF全文

M. R. Marshall  C. E. Ballard  Z. L. Frogbrook  I. Solloway  B. Reynolds  H. S. Wheater 《水文研究》2014,28(4):2617-2629

To develop an evidence base to help predict the impacts of land management change on flood generation, four experimental sites were established on improved grassland used for sheep grazing at the Pontbren catchment in upland Wales, UK. At each site, three plots were established where surface runoff was measured, supplemented by measurements of soil infiltration rates and soil and vegetation physical properties. Following baseline monitoring, treatments were applied to two of the plots: exclusion of sheep (ungrazed) and exclusion of sheep and planting with native broadleaf tree species (tree planted), with the third plot acting as a control (grazed pasture). Due to a particularly dry summer that occurred pre‐treatment, the soil hydrological responses were initially impacted by the effects of the climate on soil structure. Nevertheless, treatments did have a clear influence on soil hydrological response. On average, post‐treatment runoff volumes were reduced by 48% and 78% in ungrazed and tree‐planted plots relative to the control, although all results varied greatly over the sites. Five years following treatment application, near‐surface soil bulk density was reduced and median soil infiltration rates were 67 times greater in plots planted with trees compared to grazed pasture. The results illustrate the potential use of upland land management for ameliorating local‐scale flood generation but emphasise the need for long‐term monitoring to more clearly separate the effects of land management from those of climatic variability. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

结合空间信息选取最优端元组合的混合像元分解     

徐君  王彩玲 《测绘通报》2019,(7):6-11

传统的混合像元分解算法认为每个像元都包含图像中所能提取的全部端元组分，但这并不符合实际情况。实际上图像中大多数混合像元仅由少部分端元混合而成。由于端元提取精度及噪声的影响，采用全部端元对混合像元进行分解，会使得混合像元中实际并不存在的端元的丰度估计值不为零，分解结果存在较大误差。由于混合像元大多存在于不同地物的交界处，基于此，本文提出了一种结合图像的空间信息选取混合像元最优端元子集的方法。利用一个空间结构元素，从混合像元的附近邻域开始搜索，将搜索到的纯净像元光谱与所提取的图像端元光谱进行对比，并确定混合像元的端元子集进行分解。根据RMSE大小和变化情况，逐步扩大结构元素的大小，不断调整搜索范围，直至得到最优端元组合。模拟数据和真实数据的试验结果表明，该方法相比传统的全端元光谱分解方法，在总体上获得了更好的分解效果。  相似文献   

植被覆盖、放牧和季节对牧草种类组成和生物量的影响:以埃塞俄比亚南部Yabello牧场为例     

Yeneayehu FENETAHUN  徐新文  尤源  王永东 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,11(2):159-170

Yabello牧场是埃塞俄比亚博拉纳的一个半干旱地区的牧场,目前面临着草场退化的严重挑战。植被覆盖的变化、过度放牧和季节性变化极大地影响了Yabello牧场的牧草组成和生物量。本文评估了植被覆盖、放牧和季节对Yabello牧场的牧草组成和生物量的影响。首先采用1 m×1 m的随机样方进行实验,根据植被覆盖类型和放牧变化选择样点,并对季节影响进行评估。使用SAS统计软件和MicrosoftExcel分析牧草组成、牧草高度和质量数据。本研究总共记录了26种草种,其中Chloris roxburghiana, Chrysopogon aucheri和Chrysopogon aucheri草种均表现出最高的平均单种覆盖高度和生物量产量。因此,建议将这些草种用于研究区域退化草地的恢复。研究结果还表明,植被覆盖类型、放牧和季节变化是决定牧草种类组成、牧草高度和生物量产量的关键因素。最后,研究结论还认为控制灌木丛植被并平衡放牧水平的可持续管理对于该地区的可持续牧草生产和生物多样性保护至关重要。  相似文献   

2017年春季季风间期南海中北部浮游植物生长与微型浮游动物摄食     

陈大伟  郭聪聪  余凌晖  鲁远征  孙军 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(6):84-95

Phytoplankton growth rates and mortality rates were experimentally examined at 21 stations during the 2017 spring intermonsoon(April to early May) in the northern and central South China Sea(SCS) using the dilution technique, with emphasis on a comparison between the northern and central SCS areas which had different environmental factors. There had been higher temperature but lower nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations in the central SCS than those in the northern SCS. The mean rates of phytoplankton growth(μ_0) and microzooplankton grazing(m) were(0.88±0.33) d~(–1) and(0.55±0.22) d~(–1) in the central SCS, and both higher than those in the northern SCS with the values of μ_0((0.81±0.16) d~(–1)) and m((0.30±0.09) d~(–1)), respectively.Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates were significantly coupled in both areas. The microzooplankton grazing impact(m/μ_0) on phytoplankton was also higher in the central SCS(0.63±0.12) than that in the northern SCS(0.37±0.06). The microzooplankton abundance was significantly correlated with temperature in the surface. Temperature might more effectively promote the microzooplankton grazing rate than phytoplankton growth rate, which might contribute to higher m and m/μ_0 in the central SCS. Compared with temperature, nutrients mainly affected the growth rate of phytoplankton. In the nutrient enrichment treatment,the phytoplankton growth rate(μn) was higher than μ_0 in the central SCS, suggesting phytoplankton growth in the central SCS was nutrient limited. The ratio of μ_0/μn was significantly correlated with nutrients concentrations in the both areas, indicating the limitation of nutrients was related to the concentrations of background nutrients in the study stations.  相似文献   

不同密度团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)对轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)群落结构的影响     

王倩红  刘正文  甄伟  张秀梅  郝征  莫家勇  赵雪枫 《湖泊科学》2019,31(3):862-868

冠层型水草轮叶黑藻在富营养情况下，生长迅速，覆盖水面，对于草甸型水草密刺苦草具有明显的竞争优势.为控制轮叶黑藻的竞争优势，于湖北省鄂州市团头鲂原种场的一个池塘进行了原位围隔（10 m×10 m）实验，研究不同密度（0、0.5和1尾/m²）团头鲂牧食作用对轮叶黑藻和密刺苦草群落结构的影响，并通过无人机数字图像处理获取水草覆盖度信息.实验过程中，沉水植物总覆盖度未发生变化.研究发现，团头鲂选择性牧食使得密刺苦草生物量和覆盖度显著增加.随着牧食强度的加大，团头鲂对轮叶黑藻的控制效果显著，放养密度为1尾/m²的围隔中轮叶黑藻比例降幅最明显.群落中轮叶黑藻与密刺苦草的生物量之比迅速下降，由6.14减少至0.002，覆盖度之比由4.88左右减少至约1.44.图像处理结果与实际采样情况相吻合，且通过误差矩阵得到图像分类平均精度达到90%以上，表明无人机数字图像处理在一定条件下可以作为获取沉水植物覆盖度的一种有效辅助手段.实验结束后，1尾/m²组的围隔中密刺苦草成为优势种，其植株密度、株高、株重和单株叶片数均显著增加，草甸更加密实.实验结果表明，放养1尾/m²密度的团头鲂可以有效控制轮叶黑藻并维持密刺苦草种群优势，结果为团头鲂对湖泊沉水植物群落的控制提供了参考.  相似文献   

季节性放牧对黄河源区高寒草甸植被耗水量及水分利用效率的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

贺慧丹  杨永胜  祝景彬  李红琴  未亚西  李英年 《冰川冻土》2017,39(1):130-139

研究季节性放牧对植被耗水量、水分利用效率的影响,是探索如何提高高寒草甸水源涵养能力的重要内容之一。以青藏高原三江源高寒草甸季节性放牧样地与自然放牧样地为研究对象,分析了季节性放牧和自然放牧条件下高寒草甸植被耗水量、水分盈亏量、水分利用效率(WUE)的动态变化及其与环境因素的关系。结果表明:在植被生长季(5-9月),季节性放牧样地和自然放牧样地植被耗水量在5月开始增加,7月达最高,分别为160.94 mm和145.96 mm,季节性放牧样地植被总耗水量(395.52 mm)比自然放牧样地(348.14 mm)高13.61%。生长季平均来看,季节性放牧样地和自然放牧样地5-9月水分正盈余,分别为13.58 mm和70.96 mm,但在植物生长旺季(8月)略有亏缺。季节性放牧样地和自然放牧样地植被耗水量均与降水量呈弱的正相关关系。季节性放牧样地植被地上净初级生产量(ANPP)、地下净初级生产量(BNPP)和总的净初级生产量(NPP)比自然放牧样地分别高32.54 g·m~(-2)、5.96 g·m~(-2)、38.50 g·m~(-2),季节性放牧样地ANPP的水分利用效率(WUE)比自然放牧样地高53.85%,而BNPP、NPP的WUE比自然放牧样地分别低13.06%和9.97%。这表明,季节性放牧可提高植被生产量和耗水量,但对高寒草甸WUE的影响因放牧方式不同导致地上、地下生物量分配格局不同而有所差异。  相似文献   

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌与硫化物矿石相互作用的实验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

欧阳冰洁  陆现彩  陆建军  李娟  王朝华  朱婷婷  王汝成  耿建华 《岩石矿物学杂志》2011,30(6):1021-1030

实验研究了嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.f)与硫化物矿石之间的相互作用,以观察不同矿石矿物发生微生物氧化和形成次生矿物的差异。采用ICP-OES分析了反应前后溶液成分变化,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段研究了矿石表面形貌的变化和沉淀物的矿物组成。分析结果表明,A.f对同一矿石中不同矿物作用强度存在明显差异,方铅矿、闪锌矿发生强烈氧化分解,而与黄铁矿的相互作用则较弱。这种差异可能与矿物晶体结构有关,在多种矿物并存的情况下,可能发生了原电池反应,作为阴极的黄铁矿受到保护,而作为阳极的闪锌矿、方铅矿的氧化作用得到促进,总体上表现为A.f对矿石硫化矿物的选择性作用。  相似文献   

Growth and grazing rate dynamics of major phytoplankton groups in an oligotrophic coastal site   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Andrés Gutiérrez-Rodríguez  Mikel Latasa  Renate Scharek  Ramon Massana  Gemma Vila  Josep M. Gasol 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011

There has been more attention to phytoplankton dynamics in nutrient-rich waters than in oligotrophic ones thus requiring the need to study the dynamics and responses in oligotrophic waters. Accordingly, phytoplankton community in Blanes Bay was overall dominated by Prymnesiophyceae, remarkably constant throughout the year (31 ± 13% Total chlorophyll a, Tchl a) and Bacillariophyta with a more episodic appearance (20 ± 23% Tchl a). Prasinophyceae and Synechococcus contribution became substantial in winter (Prasinophyceae = 30% Tchl a) and summer (Synechococcus = 35% Tchl a). Phytoplankton growth and grazing mortality rates for major groups were estimated by dilution experiments in combination with high pressure liquid chromatography and flow cytometry carried out monthly over two years. Growth rates of total phytoplankton (range = 0.30–1.91 d⁻¹) were significantly higher in spring and summer (μ > 1.3 d⁻¹) than in autumn and winter (μ ∼ 0.65 d⁻¹) and showed a weak dependence on temperature but a significant positive correlation with day length. Microzooplankton grazing (range = 0.03–1.4 d⁻¹) was closely coupled to phytoplankton growth. Grazing represented the main process for loss of phytoplankton, removing 60 ± 34% (±SD) of daily primary production and 70 ± 48% of Tchl a stock. Chla synthesis was highest during the Bacillarophyceae-dominated spring bloom (Chl a_synt = 2.3 ± 1.6 μg Chl a L⁻¹ d⁻¹) and lowest during the following post-bloom conditions dominated by Prymnesiophyceae (Chl a_synt = 0.23 ± 0.08 μg Chl a L⁻¹ d⁻¹). This variability was smoothed when expressed in carbon equivalents mainly due to the opposite dynamics of C:chl a (range = 11–135) and chl a concentration (range = 0.07–2.0 μg chl a L⁻¹). Bacillariophyta and Synechococcus contribution to C fluxes was higher than to biomass because of their fast-growth rate. The opposite was true for Prymnesiophyceae.  相似文献