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Based on consideration of both thermodynamic and kinetic features of the subtropical summer monsoon in East Asia,a new index is defined by the moist potential vorticity (MPV) for this monsoon.Variation features of the subtropical summer monsoon over 60 years are analyzed using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA) data from 1948 to 2007.Results show that the new index can well reflect the seasonal,interannual,and interdecadal variations of the East Asian subtropical summer monsoon.Correlation analysis of the new index and precipitation data from 160 stations in China shows that in high-index years,the summer monsoon is strong,and more rain falls in eastern North China,southwestern China,and along the coast of South China and less rain falls in the Yangtze-Huaihe R.basin.In low-index years,the opposite occurs.Lastly,the new index is compared with four established monsoon indices.The new index is found to have an advantage in representing summer rainfall in the Yangtze-Huaihe R.basin. 相似文献
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中国亚热带地区柑桔气候风险评估 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
综合考虑柑桔气候适宜性水平及其变率变化,构建柑桔的风险度模型,运用滑动建模技术对中国亚热带地区柑桔的气候风险性进行动态分析与评估。根据风险分布强度将中国亚热带地区柑桔温度、降水、日照和气候风险大致分为三类型:低风险型、中风险型和高风险型。温度风险度大致呈纬度地带性分布,除西部高山区外,由低纬向高纬风险度依次增高;降水风险度呈现亚热带中部低,北部和西部高;与降水风险度相反,日照风险度在亚热带中部高,北部和西部低;气候风险度受温度变化的主导,也大致呈现纬度地带性,呈现高纬和西部高海拔区高,低纬和东部沿海区低。柑桔气候风险在时间和空间变化上都存在着差异,近46年来,中国亚热带地区柑桔气候风险度有逐渐增加的趋势,尤其以20世纪80年代初以来增加的最快;由于全球气候变暖的影响,亚热带东部和南部风险较低的区域分布有逐渐减少的趋势,而北部和西部风险高的区域分布有进一步增大并向东部和南部扩展的可能。从中国亚热带地区柑桔减产率大于10%、20%、30%的气候风险度分布区域变动过程来看,柑桔各减产率的气候风险度分布具有很明显的区域性和连续性,大体上由东南向西北呈增高趋势。 相似文献
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Identifying subsoil sediment sources with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 J. Patrick Laceby Jon Olley Timothy J. Pietsch Fran Sheldon Stuart E. Bunn 《水文研究》2015,29(8):1956-1971
Increased sediment loads from accelerated catchment erosion significantly degrade waterways worldwide. In the South East Queensland region of Australia, sediment loads are degrading Moreton Bay, a Ramsar listed wetland of international significance. In this region, like most parts of coastal Australia, sediment is predominantly derived from gully and channel bank erosion processes. A novel approach is presented that uses carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios and elemental composition to discriminate between these often indistinguishable subsoil sediment sources. The conservativeness of these sediment properties is first tested by examining the effect of particle size separation (testing for consistency during transport) and the effect of sampling at different times (testing for temporal source consistency). The discrimination potential of these sediment properties is then assessed with the conservative properties, based on the particle size and temporal analyses, modelled to determine sediment provenance in three catchments. Nitrogen sediment properties were found to have significant particle size enrichment and high temporal variance indicative of non‐conservative behaviour. Conversely, carbon stable isotopes had very limited particle size and temporal variability highlighting their suitability for sediment tracing. Channel erosion was modelled to be a significant source of sediment (μ 51%, σ 9%) contrasting desktop modelling research that estimated gully erosion is the predominant sediment source. To limit the supply of sediment to Moreton Bay, channel bank and gully erosion must both be targeted by sediment management programs. By distinguishing between subsoil sediment sources, this approach has the potential to enhance the management of sediment loads degrading waterways worldwide. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Jan Kohlmeyer 《Marine Ecology》1984,5(4):329-378
Abstract. Marine Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes were collected in tropical and subtropical regions (Australia, Belize, Fiji, Hawaii, Marshall Islands, Mexico, New Zealand, Palau, Thailand), and the known range of distribution for these fungi was extended. Exclusively tropical are 27 taxa, 9 are probably restricted to the tropics also, and 11 are cosmopolitan. Distribution maps are given for 5 taxa. New species (4), varieties (3), and combinations (2) of Ascomycetes are proposed, and keys to the taxa of Halosarpheia and Lulworthia are presented. Most of the species are decomposers of mangrove parts or of detritus in sandy beaches. Nine new host plants were found. Marine Ascomycetes were discovered for the first time living in shells of foraminifera. 相似文献
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Byron C. Shumate Claire L. Schelske Thomas L. Crisman William F. Kenney 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,27(1):71-77
A paleolimnological evaluation of cladoceran microfossils was initiated to study limnological changes in Lake Apopka, a large (125 km2), shallow (mean depth = 1.6 m), warm, polymictic lake in central Florida. The lake switched from macrophyte to algal dominance in the late 1940s, creating a Sediment Discontinuity Layer (SDL) that can be visually used to separate sediments derived from macrophytes and phytoplankton. Cladoceran microfossils were enumerated as a means of corroborating extant eutrophication data from the sediment record. Inferences about the timing and trajectory of eutrophication were made using the cladoceran-based paleo-reconstruction. The cladoceran community of Lake Apopka began to change abruptly in both total abundance and relative percent abundance just before the lake shifted from macrophyte to algal dominance. Alona affinis, a mud-vegetation associated cladoceran, disappeared before the SDL was formed. Planktonic and benthic species also began to increase below the SDL, indicating an increase in production of both planktonic and benthic species. Chydorus cf. sphaericus, an indicator of nutrient loading, increased relative to all other cladocerans beginning in the layer below the SDL and continuing upcore. Changes in the transitional sediment layer formed before the lake switched to phytoplankton dominance, including an increase in total phosphorus concentration, suggest a more gradual eutrophication process than previously reported. Data from this study supported conclusions from other paleolimnological studies that suggested anthropogenic phosphorus loading was the key factor in the hypereutrophication of Lake Apopka. 相似文献
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应用1985—2002年夏季欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的40a再分析资料,初步分析了副热带西北太平洋区域温带气旋、热带气旋和高空冷涡三种涡旋的三维结构及其时空分布特征。结果指出:(1)不同种类的涡旋具有不同的三维结构特征;(2)温带气旋和热带气旋主要分布在400hPa以下,涡旋分布的高值区位于近海海区,向内陆方向或向远海方向分布减少。副热带高空冷涡分布在太平洋上空的400~100hPa,呈东西向带状分布;(3)三种涡旋的个体强度有不同的年际变化特征。 相似文献
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Abstract Climate change impacts on the availability of water resources. Projection of hydrological response to temperature change is valuable for water management. Such response may be complex and uncertain at the watershed scale and differences may exist between low and high latitudes. A simulation experiment was achieved by using SWAT modelling in the upstream watershed of Dongjiang River, South China. After calibration, the model was found appropriate for hydrological simulation in the study area and was run from 1995 to 2004 under a series of temperature change scenarios to reveal the response of streamflow and loads of sediment and nutrients. For a temperature increase of 3°C, streamflow, sediment and total phosphorus decreased by 5.2, 7.7 and 2.2%, respectively. Linear temperature change seemed to have a linear hydrological response. Nutrient deficiency was still the primary vegetation stress compared with water availability and temperature stress under rising temperatures. Comparison with previous research showed that two southern subtropical watersheds (one upstream and one downstream) gave different hydrological responses. Sediment and inorganic nitrogen loads decreased in the upstream watershed, but increased in the downstream one, when temperature increased. Under the warming scenarios, streamflow and sediment loads decreased throughout the year, especially during the wet season, which is different from results at high latitudes. Nutrient export decreased in April–June, but increased in the remaining months. Simulation results should be applied with caution in water resources management, as simulated climate change had variable hydrological influence in different regions and seasons. Citation Xu, H. and Peng, S.L., 2013. Distinct effects of temperature change on discharge and non-point pollution in subtropical southern China by SWAT simulation. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (5), 1032–1046. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor C.-Y. Xu 相似文献
9.
Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized and unfertilized soils in a subtropical region (Andalusia,Spain) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Field measurements of N2O emission rates were carried out from August until October 1982 in a subtropical region in Europe, i.e. in Andalusia, Spain. The measurements were performed by using an automatic sampling and analysis technique allowing the semi-continuous determination of N2O emission rates. The N2O emission rates were positively correlated to the soil surface temperature and exhibited a diurnal rhythm with maximum rates in the afternoon and minimum rates in the early morning with average values of 1 g N2O–N/m2/h for the grass lawn and 15 g N2O–N/m2/h for cultivated land. Application of urea and ammonium nitrate resulted in elevated N2O emission rates when compared to the unfertilized control. The loss of fertilizer-nitrogen as N2O was 0.18% for urea and 0.04% for NH4NO3 which compares very well with data obtained in a temperate climate (Germany). The total source strength of fertilizer-derived N2O is estimated to be 0.01–2.2 Tg N2O–N per year. The N2O flux from unfertilized natural soils may be as high as 4.5 Tg N2O–N, indicating that the N2O emission from soils contributes significantly to the global N2O budget. 相似文献
10.
Based on the citrus temperature, precipitation, sunlight and climate risk degree, the article divides subtropics of China
into three types: the low risk region, the moderate risk region and the high risk region. The citrus temperature risk increases
with increasing latitude (except for the western mountainous area of subtropics of China). The citrus precipitation risk in
the central part of subtropics of China is higher than that in the northern and western parts. The distributions of citrus
sunlight risk are not consistent to those of the citrus precipitation risk. The citrus climate risk is mainly influenced by
temperature. There is latitudinal zonal law for the distribution of the climate risk, that is, the climate risk increases
with increasing latitude. At the same time the climate risk in mountainous area is high and that in eastern plain area is
low. There are differences in the temporal and spatial changes of the citrus climate. In recent 46 years, the citrus climate
risk presents a gradual increasing trend in subtropics of China, especially it has been increasing fast since the 1980s. Because
of the global warming, the low risk region in the eastern and southern parts has a gradual decreasing trend, however, the
high risk region in the northern and western parts has an increasing trend and the high risk region has been extending eastward
and southward. The article analyses the distribution of the citrus climate risk degree of reduction rates of >10%, >20% and
>30% in subtropics of China, and studies their changes in different time periods. Results show that the risk is increasing
from southeast to northwest. 相似文献