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1.
褐藻寡糖具有多种生理活性,本研究通过酶解与分级条件的优化,获得了低分子质量褐藻寡糖的酶法制备工艺,并在体外模型上评价了不同分子质量组分的抗氧化活性。结果表明,优化后的褐藻寡糖制备条件为:底物浓度1.20%,酶底比4.35 U/mg,酶解时间4 h。进一步采用乙醇沉淀和超滤分离后,获得了重均分子质量分别为0.84、1.40、2.25和34.56 k Da的4种组分,其得率分别为50.82%、5.15%、11.48%和12.00%。各组分均具有一定的还原能力,可有效清除DPPH和羟自由基,其中低分子质量组分A的抗氧化活性最为显著,其清除羟自由基的能力与维生素C相近。 相似文献
2.
P.B. Kozelka S. Sañudo-Wilhelmy A.R. Flegal K.W. Bruland 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1997,44(6):649-658
The speciation of lead at a site in the South San Francisco Bay was determined using a combination of physical size fractionation and electrochemical analyses. The ‘ total dissolvable ’ Pb was 8·1 nM from analysis of an acidified unfiltered sample. The ‘ dissolved ’ Pb was equal to 0·20 nM (41 ng l−1), only 2·5% of the ‘ total dissolvable ’ Pb. The difference yielded the ‘ particulate ’ Pb equal to 7·9 nM (1·6 μg l−1). Results from crossflow ultrafiltration indicated that almost all (0·19 nM) of the dissolved Pb was ‘ in solution ’ [<10K nominal molecular weight (MW)] and that colloidal Pb (10K MW to 0·2 μm)accounted for onlyc. 1% of the dissolved Pb at this station. This small concentration (0·01 nM) of colloidal Pb may be attributed to the low amount of organic carbon associated with colloid size fraction as determined by dissolved organic carbon analyses.The chemical speciation of lead was determined in the dissolved sample and ultrafiltered sub-sample. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) on a thin mercury film (TMF) rotating glassy carbon disk electrode (RGCDE) was used to distinguish the kinetically labile inorganic species (Pb′) from the Pb-chelated by organic ligands (PbLi). Lead titration results were similar for both samples revealing that Pb′, PbLiand excess unbound ligands were present primarily in the ultrafiltrate, rather than in the colloidal phase. The titration data can be interpreted as dissolved Pb being influenced by two classes of Pb-binding ligands. In the dissolved sample, the concentration of the stronger class of ligands was [L1]=0·89±0·35 nM, with a conditional stability constant ofKcondL1,Pb′=3±1×1010M−1. The weaker class was [L2]=12·8±1·9 nM, withKcondL1,Pb′=4±1×108 M−1. The presence of these ligands, in excess of the dissolved Pb, resulted in [Pb′]=7±2 pM and [Pb2+]=0·3 pM (62 pg l−1). While less than 2·4% of the ambient Pb was ‘ in solution ’, it existed chiefly in the form of organic complexes with [PbL1]=0·15 nM and [PbL2]=0·03 nM. More significantly, there were large concentrations of unchelated Pb-binding ligands, (Li′), available to buffer the free Pb2+concentration in the event of perturbations in dissolved Pb. 相似文献
3.
Margaret C. Graham John G. Farmer Ian W. Oliver Angus B. MacKenzie Robert M. Ellam 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):112-112
Natural uranium has three isotopes, ^238U, ^235U and ^234U, with natural abundances of 99.27 atom %, 0.72% and 0.0055%, respectively. Only ^235U is fissile and the production of nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons involves enrichment of uranium in ^235U. This process also results in separation of ^234U from ^238U, leaving depleted uranium （DU）, with typical ^234U/^238U and ^235U/^238U activity ratios of about 0.19 and 0.013, respectively, as a waste product. The high density, high melting and boiling points and chemical stability of uranium and the availability of DU in relatively pure form mean that DU has many uses, including armour-piercing munitions. Such munitions have been developed in the UK since the 1960s and testing has been carried out by the Ministry of Defence （MoD） at firing ranges such as Dundrennan, SW Scotland and Eskmeals, NW England. The firing of DU munitions can result in the dispersion of DU and its combustion products （oxides） as aerosols or as larger fragments, with the potential for human exposure either directly at the site of detonation or via post-depositional migration in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential environmental mobility of DU by characterizing the associations of U in soil porewaters with increasing distance from a firing site. To this end, several soil cores located down-wind of the firing site at Dundrennan, near Kirkcudbright, SW Scotland, were collected in May 2006. These were sectioned on-site into 1- or 2-cm depth intervals and porewaters were isolated by centfifugation （10 minutes; 8873 g） on return to the laboratory. Following filtration through 0.2-micron cellulose nitrate filters, the porewaters were analyzed by ICP-QMS （U concentration） and ICP-OES （Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn concentrations）. Sub-samples were also subjected to centrifugal ultrafiltration （100, 30, and 3 kD） and to gel electrophoretic fractionation （agarose; 0.045 M Tris-borate; 20 mA, 30 minutes）. Results showed that U was present at up to 4 μg/L in the soil porewater and that the associations of U varied with sample location and soil depth. 相似文献
4.
玉米淀粉废水回收及处理研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
采用调节等电位点—超过滤组合技术对玉米淀粉废水的资源回收和处理进行研究,确定了最佳工艺参数。结果表明通过调节等电位点,可回收粗蛋白用作家禽饲料,同时废水中的CODcr、TSS和BOD5去除率分别可达48.8%、49.6%和27.2%以上,减轻了后续超过滤处理压力;通过超过滤进一步处理,出水COD、TSS和BOD去除率分别达91.3%、92.5%和95.1%。 相似文献
5.
报道一种合成２,２－二甲基－４－戊烯酸的新方法。由异丁醛与烯丙醇缩合得到２,２－二甲基－４－戊烯醛,后者经氧化银选择氧化生成２,２－二甲基－４－戊烯酸。此法氧化产率（９６％）高于分子氧氧化法（６１％）和歧化法（４１％）。反应中析出的金属银能定量回收,循环使用。 相似文献
6.
错流超滤技术在海水胶体态铀、钍、镭同位素和有机碳研究中的应用 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
建立了由预过滤装置、蠕动泵、中空纤维超滤膜(AmiconH10P10-20,标称截留分子量10KDa)和连接管组成的错流超滤系统,利用荧光标记的40KDa葡聚糖和已知放射性活度的234Th示踪剂评估了超滤膜的截留和吸附性质,探讨了234Th在超滤过程中的渗透行为,考查了该系统用于实际海水样品时铀、钍、镭同位素和有机碳的质量平衡状况.结果表明,10Kda中空纤维超滤膜对40Kda葡聚糖具有良好的截留效率(85%),而吸附损失率为18%.铀、钍、镭同位素和有机碳在超滤过程中均达到极佳的质量平衡,回收率R=95%～98%,优于大多数文献报道的值.234Th在超滤过程中的渗透行为可以很好地用渗透模型加以描述.研究组分胶体态含量占“溶解”态含量的份额大小顺序如下:钍同位素、有机碳、镭同位素约等于铀同位素,这与钍为强颗粒活性元素、铀和镭为水溶性元素的地球化学性质相吻合. 相似文献
7.
Marine colloidal material (1 kDa–0.2 μm) was isolated by cross-flow ultrafiltration followed by diafiltration and freeze-drying from surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), as well as from estuarine waters of Galveston Bay. Elemental characterization of isolated colloidal material included organic carbon (OC) and selected trace metal (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Be, Fe, Al, Mn, V, Ba, and Ti) determinations. It was found that levels of these metals in marine colloids ranged from <0.1 to 50 μg/g colloidal matter, except for Fe which generally had a concentration >120 μg/g. Most metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Al, Mn, V, and Ti) had an average concentration >1 μg/g while concentrations of Cd, Co and Be were usually <1 μg/g. Metal concentrations (μg/g) in isolated colloids were, in general, higher in Galveston Bay than in the Gulf of Mexico, suggesting either high abundance of trace metals in estuarine waters or differences in organic matter composition. Higher colloidal metal concentrations in the MAB than in the Gulf of Mexico might be due to higher terrestrial inputs in the MAB. Colloidal metal concentrations (μg/g) were generally lower than those in average soils, continental crust and suspended particles. However, metal/aluminum ratios (Me/Al) in isolated marine colloids were significantly higher than those for average soils and continental crust. Most importantly, colloids had a metal composition and metal/OC ratio (Me/C) similar to humic substances and marine plankton, suggesting that marine colloids largely originate from planktonic sources and are composed of predominately organic components. The Me/C ratios of Galveston Bay colloids followed the sequence of Cu>Ni, Cr, Zn>Mn>Co>Pb, Cd, which is similar to the Irving–Williams order except for Mn, suggesting that the interaction of metals with marine colloids is determined by the affinity of metals for specific organic ligands. 相似文献
8.
The performance and integrity of a cassette cross-flow ultrafilter(Pellicon 2, Millipore) are examined with a suite of macromolecules of different molecular masses. The retention coefficient during the cross-flow ultrafiltration experiments increases with increasing molecular mass and reaches 90% with 10 kDa dextran in both milli-Q water and ultrafiltered seawater media. Based on a 90% retention coefficient, the molecular mass cut-off for the ultrafiltration membrane is defined at 10 kDa, which is ten times(1 kDa) that rated by the manufacturer. To further validate the accuracy of the laboratory calibration, the samples from the lower Zhujiang River and the Jiulong River Estuary are ultrafiltered with the cassette ultrafiltration membrane and the colloidal organic carbon abundances in these samples are quantified with the ultrafiltration permeation model based on time series permeation subsamples. The colloidal organic carbon abundances are 5.8%–21.1% in the Jiulong River Estuary and 5.6%–11.0% in the lower Zhujiang River. These are consistent with the reported values for both estuaries as well as with the colloidal organic carbon abundances in marine environments over the coastal and open oceans with 10 kDa cut-off membranes. Therefore, these field data support the laboratory calibration result and indicate the validity of the experimental and quantification procedure adopted. The discrepancy between the nominal molecular mass cut-off and the actual pore size of the ultrafiltration membrane should be of great concern for research in colloidal and nanoparticle biogeochemistry. Careful examination of the membrane integrity should be taken during ultrafiltration experiments in order to avoid misleading molecular mass cut-off information. 相似文献
9.
溶解性有机质(DOM)广泛存在于多种水环境介质,其光降解过程显著影响水体污染物的化学形态及生态风险.本文以典型陆源天然有机质(NOM)和藻源有机质(AlgOM)为研究对象,采用切向超过滤技术将初始DOM样品(Bulk,0.45μm)分为高分子量(HMW, 1 kDa～0.45μm)和低分子量(LMW,1 kDa)组分,研究胶体TiO2颗粒存在下不同分子量有机组分的光降解行为差异.表征结果表明,DOM样品的有机质均相对较多地分布在LMW组分中(55.3%～57.8%),但HMW的芳香性比LMW组分高;三维光谱结果表明AlgOM富含类蛋白和类腐殖物质,而NOM只含类腐殖物质;进一步分析发现类蛋白物质主要分布于HMW组分,类腐殖物质则主要分布于LMW组分.胶体颗粒的存在通过吸附作用抑制AlgOM中有机质及芳香性物质的光降解,而通过催化作用促进NOM中有机质及芳香性物质的光降解.胶体颗粒不改变不同分子量DOM中有机质的光降解效率顺序,均为HMWBulkLMW,说明HMW有机质更易光降解.但无胶体颗粒时AlgOM和NOM芳香物质的光降解效率为LMWBulkHMW,且胶体颗粒的存在改变不同分子量NOM芳香性物质的光降解顺序.另外,无胶体颗粒存在时陆源类腐殖物质比藻源类腐殖物质更易光降解,而胶体颗粒的存在均可促进藻源和陆源类腐殖质物质光降解;相比于HMW类腐殖质,LMW类腐殖物质具有较高的光敏性和优先降解特性. 相似文献
10.
海水中胶体有机碳的测定──高温燃烧法和紫外/过硫酸钾法的比较 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用切向超滤(cross-flow ultrafiltration)技术对海水中胶体有机碳(COC)和真溶解有机碳(UOC)进行了分离,并分别用高温燃烧法和紫外/过硫酸钾法对胶体有机碳和真溶解有机碳进行了测定。测定结果表明,切向超滤能定量分离海水中的胶体有机碳,高温燃烧法和紫外/过硫酸钾法对胶体有机碳和真溶解有机碳的测定结果没有明显的系统误差,表明这两种方法的氧化效率基本相同,胶体粒子的存在,对紫外/过硫酸钾法的氧化效率没有显着影响。 相似文献