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Soil erosion caused by water flow is a complex problem. Both empirical and physically based approaches were used for the estimation of surface erosion rates. Their applications are mainly limited to experimental areas or laboratory studies. The maximum sediment concentration overland flow can carry is not considered in most of the existing surface erosion models. The lack of erosion capacity limitation may cause over estimations of sediment concentration. A correlation analysis is used in this study to determine significant factors that impact surface erosion capacity. The result shows that the unit stream power is the most dominant factor for overland flow erosion which is consistent with experimental data. A bounded regression formula is used to reflect the limits that sediment concentration cannot be less than zero nor greater than a maximum value. The coefficients used in the model are calibrated using published laboratory data. The computed results agree with laboratory data very well. A one dimensional overland flow diffusive wave model is used in conjunction with the developed soil erosion equation to simulate field experimental results. This study concludes that the non-linear regression method using unit stream power as the dominant factor performs well for estimating overland flow erosion capacity. 相似文献
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Grain-size distributions of gravels transported as bedload in Oak Creek, Oregon, show systematic variations with changing flow discharges. At low discharges the gravel distributions are nearly symmetrical and Gaussian. As discharges increase, the distributions become more skewed and follow the ideal Rosin distribution. The patterns of variations are established by goodness-of-fit comparisons between the measured and theoretical distributions, and by Q-mode factor analysis. Two end members are obtained in the factor analysis, having (respectively) almost perfect Gaussian and Rosin distributions, and the percentages of the two end members within individual samples vary systematically with discharge. Transformation from Gaussian to Rosin distribution with increasing discharge may be explained by processes of selective entrainment of grains from a bed of mixed sizes. Samples of bed material in Oak Creek follow the Rosin distribution. At high discharges, the transported bedload approaches the grain sizes of that bed-material source and mimics its Rosin distribution. Random-selection processes must be more important to grain entrainment at lower discharges, so that the resulting Gaussian distributions of transported bedload reflect similar distributions of bed stresses exerted by the stream flow. The results from Oak Creek demonstrate that the competence of the flow is reflected in the entire distribution of transported gravel sizes. A sequence of layers of fluvial gravels, modern or ancient, might show systematic variations between coarse Rosin and finer-grained Gaussian distributions, and these could be used to infer frequencies of various discharges and to establish a relationship to the source sediment. With further study, analyses of changing bedload grain-size distributions and their transport rates will lead to a better understanding of downstream variations in grain sizes of bed sediments and how their distributions reflect the progressive development of textural maturity. 相似文献
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G. F. HERZOG David FINK Jeffrey KLEIN Donald D. BOGARD L. E. NYQUIST C.‐Y. SHIH D. H. GARRISON Young REESE J. MASARIK R. C. REEDY G. RUGEL T. FAESTERMANN G. KORSCHINEK 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2011,46(2):284-310
Abstract– We report measurements of cosmogenic nuclides in up to 11 bulk samples from various depths in Norton County. The activities of 36Cl, 41Ca, 26Al, and 10Be were measured by accelerator mass spectrometry; the concentrations of the stable isotopes of He, Ne, Ar, and Sm were measured by electron and thermal ionization mass spectrometry, respectively. Production rates for the nuclides were modeled using the LAHET and the Monte Carlo N‐Particle codes. Assuming a one‐stage irradiation of a meteoroid with a pre‐atmospheric radius of approximately 50 cm, the model satisfactorily reproduces the depth profiles of 10Be, 26Al, and 53Mn (<6%) but overestimates the 41Ca concentrations by about 20%. 3He, 21Ne, and 26Al data give a one‐stage cosmic‐ray exposure (CRE) age of 115 Ma. Argon‐36 released at intermediate temperatures, 36Arn, is attributed to production by thermal neutrons. From the values of 36Arn, an assumed average Cl concentration of 4 ppm, and a CRE age of 115 Ma, we estimate thermal neutron fluences of 1–4 × 1016 neutrons cm?2. We infer comparable values from ε149Sm and ε150Sm. Values calculated from 41Ca and a CRE age of 115 Ma, 0.2–1.4 × 1016 neutrons cm?2, are lower by a factor of approximately 2.5, indicating that nearly half of the 149Sm captures occurred earlier. One possible irradiation history places the center of proto‐Norton County at a depth of 88 cm in a large body for 140 Ma prior to its liberation as a meteoroid with a radius of 50 cm and further CRE for 100 Ma. 相似文献
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Two new species, Cretolimonia excelsa sp. nov. and Mesotipula gloriosa sp. nov., in Limoniidae of Diptera are described and illustrated, based on three fossil specimens with bodies and complete wings. These specimens were collected from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. These are the first fossil records of these two genera from China. 相似文献
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Four new species of three genera in the family Cimbrophlebiidae, Telobittacus decorus sp. nov., Bellicimbrophlebia heteroneura sp. nov., Cimbrophlebia amoena sp. nov., and Cimbrophlebia gracilenta sp. nov., are described and illustrated based on eleven well-preserved fossil specimens. These specimens were collected from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. This is the first record of the genus Cimbrophlebia in the Jurassic extending its age from the Lower Cretaceous to the Middle Jurassic. Due to same venational characters, we propose that an undescribed fossil specimen of Cimbrophlebiidae from the Jurassic of Germany is attributed to C. gracilenta sp. nov. Our new findings demonstrate an evolutionary trend of venational change from 185 to 50 Ma that the level of the bifurcation of Rs is gradually moving toward the base of wing in reference to the bifurcation of M. 相似文献
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厦门湾是一个集河口、红树林、浅海湿地等多种典型生态系统的海湾，生物多样性高，曾报道有28种八放珊瑚栖息，但未见瘦枝珊瑚属(Carijoa)的相关报道。为了解厦门湾内瘦枝珊瑚属资源现状，本研究于2014—2021年期间在厦门湾内的大佰屿、小佰屿、白哈礁、角屿、上屿、黄厝、鼓浪屿、火烧屿、青屿以及浯屿附近海域通过潜水调查采集珊瑚样本，其中有25株是瘦枝珊瑚属样本。对样本进行形态学鉴定及基因片段[细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位Ⅰ(COⅠ)、NADH脱氢酶第二亚基(ND2)]定序技术研究。结果显示，采集的25株瘦枝珊瑚属样本全部都是Carijoa riisei，这是该种在厦门湾的首次记录。C. riisei分布在厦门湾的小佰屿、白哈礁、上屿、角屿、鼓浪屿和火烧屿附近海域，而大佰屿、黄厝、青屿和浯屿站位未见该物种分布。本研究结果既丰富了厦门湾的珊瑚物种记录，也增加了C. riisei的世界地理分布信息，可为全球Carijoa属珊瑚生物地理信息研究提供数据支撑。 相似文献
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本研究于2021年2月在金门岛红树林湿地设置2个断面4个采样站位进行沉积物样品采集，对小型底栖动物的类群组成，海洋线虫群落的优势属、优势种和摄食类型等方面进行研究。结果表明：共鉴定出10个小型底栖动物类群，包括海洋线虫、桡足类、寡毛类、多毛类、涡虫、有孔虫、腹足类、涟虫、双壳类和缓步类；其中海洋线虫为最优势类群，占小型底栖动物总数的93.93%。共鉴定出海洋线虫51种或分类实体，隶属于4目15科31属。建功屿断面JH站位鉴定出11属16种，其优势属（数量百分比≥5%）为Ptycholaimellus、Viscosia、Daptonema、Dorylaimopsis、Parasphaerolaimus、Anoplostoma，优势种为Ptycholaimellus sp.1、Viscosia sp.1、Daptonema ungula、Dorylaimopsis sp.1、Anoplostoma papaviviparum； JM站位鉴定出23属35种，其优势属为Metachromadora、Daptonema、Viscosia、Ptycholaimellus、Dorylaimopsis，优势种为Metachromadora sp.1、Viscosia sp.1、Dorylaimopsis sp.1、Daptonema baihaijiaoensis、Ptycholaimellus ocellatus； JL站位鉴定出18属30种，其优势属为Daptonema、Dorylaimopsis，优势种为Daptonema quattuor、Daptonema setihyalocella、Viscosia sp.1、Daptonema baihaijiaoensis、Ptycholaimellussp.1、Spilophorella candida。古宁头断面GH站位鉴定出21属35种，其优势属为Daptonema、Parasphaerolaimus、Ptycholaimellus、Viscosia、Ptycholaimellus，优势种为Daptonema aquattuor、Daptonema setihyalocella、Viscosia sp.1、Daptonema baihaijiaoensis、Ptycholaimellus sp.1、Spilophorella candida。从群落结构来言，4个采样站位仅Daptonema为共有优势属，其他无共有优势种。从摄食类型来看，除建功屿断面中潮位的海洋线虫群落以2A型为主以外，在其他3个采样站位均以1B型为优势，故本研究海洋线虫以非选择性沉积食性者为主。 相似文献