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波普尔是当今伟大的哲学家,他发明了科学增长的四段图式:P1→TT→EE→P2,其中P1代表问题,TT表示试探性理论,EE表示试探性排除错误,P2代表新的问题。波普尔对科学哲学有很多贡献,如他否定了培根的归纳法,主张证伪的方法而反对证实的方法。他颠覆了关于真理的概念,反对将理论与真理联系起来,即使是相对真理。他认为,人不能认识真理,只能探索真理,接近真理,并提出"逼真性"与"逼真度"两个概念,从而否定了相对真理与绝对真理这一对矛盾的关系。他提出,科学理论的发展不是一个量变递增的过程,而是新理论取代旧理论的质变过程,是新范式战胜旧范式的科学革命。他认为,可证伪性、可错性是科学的本质特征,同时也是区分科学与非科学的根本标准。传统的认识论将宇宙划分为物质的与精神的两个世界,波普尔认为宇宙是多元的,多层次进化的,其性质是多样的,可分为三个层次或三个世界。波普尔的三个世界理论,用最简洁的语言表述即:物理世界(世界1)、精神世界(世界2)和客观知识世界(世界3)。世界3是人类智力活动的产物,是人造的;另一方面,它同时也是超人类的,即超越了自己的创造者。波普尔石破天惊地提出了科学哲学的许多惊世骇俗的理论,将科学哲学推到了一个崭新的高度,打破了科学界传统的认识论和方法论。他的哲学理论的核心是证伪主义,证伪就是试错,反驳,批判。只有经过证伪的理论(猜测,假说)才能称之为理论。中国科学需要波普尔理论,中国科学上不去,与我们没有证伪思想有很大的关系。我们必须拨乱反正,改弦易辙,采取批判的态度,反驳的方法,敢于试错,这样,中国科学才有希望。 相似文献
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中国农村宅基地转型的理论与证实 总被引:47,自引:5,他引:47
土地利用转型是土地利用变化的表现形式之一,也是由IGBP和IHDP联合发起的全球土地研究计划(GLP)的重要研究内容.目前土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)研究仍然有待进一步理论化,在学科综合与集成基础上提出的假设对土地变化科学显得尤为重要.土地利用转型研究需要寻求一种综合的方法,来对社会和环境变化的时间尺度和历史背景进行整合.通过分析特定时期内中国农村建房的影响因素及相应的管理政策,在了解中国农村建房发展过程的基础上,提出了中国农村宅基地转型趋势的理论假设:随着社会经济的发展,农村宅基地在增加的建设用地总量中所占比例将由高逐渐降低,直到这一比例趋向于一个固定值.最后运用长江沿线样带农村宅基地转型研究结果验证了该理论假设. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen and phosphorus released in the process of the decomposition of giant jellyfish in the laboratory and found the evidence to verify the influence of nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish on the ecosystem in the field. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai was examined in a series of experiments under different incubation conditions such as different p H values, salinity values, temperatures and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. The results showed that the complete decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai generally took about 4–8 d. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai could be divided into two stages: the early stage and the later stage, although the efflux rate of nitrogen was one order more than phosphorus. In the early stage of the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in seawater increased rapidly, and the concentration of nitrogen could reach the highest level in the whole degradation process. In the later stage of the decomposition, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen declined slowly, while the concentration of phosphorus in water could reach a maximum in the degradation process. High p H, low salinity,high temperature and N/P will promote the release of nitrogen; low p H is unfavorable to the release of nitrogen but favorable to the release of phosphorus. In addition, we found the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface water during the period of jellyfish bloom in the Jiaozhou Bay, proving that nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish have significant influence on nitrogen and phosphorus in the field. For the whole Yellow Sea, nutrients released by jellyfish carcasses may reach up to(2.63±2.98)×107 mol/d of dissolved nitrogen(DN) and(0.74±0.84)×106 mol/d of dissolved phosphorus(DP) during the period of jellyfish bloom. The values are comparable to riverine inputs in a day, but much higher than sediment–water exchange flux in the Yellow Sea. The great amounts of nutrients must have significant influence on the nutrients balance of the Yellow Sea during the period of jellyfish dead and decomposition. Both the experimental data and field observations proved that the decomposition of jellyfish may release a great amount of nutrient to the surrounding environment during the period of jellyfish decomposition. 相似文献
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