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We present the software program THERIA_G, which allows for numerical simulation of garnet growth in a given volume of rock
along any pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) path. THERIA_G assumes thermodynamic equilibrium between the garnet rim and the rock matrix during growth and accounts for
component fractionation associated with garnet formation as well as for intracrystalline diffusion within garnet. In addition,
THERIA_G keeps track of changes in the equilibrium phase relations, which occur during garnet growth along the specified P–T–t trajectory. This is accomplished by the combination of two major modules: a Gibbs free energy minimization routine is used
to calculate equilibrium phase relations including the volume and composition of successive garnet growth increments as P and T and the effective bulk rock composition change. With the second module intragranular multi-component diffusion is modelled
for spherical garnet geometry. THERIA_G allows to simulate the formation of an entire garnet population, the nucleation and
growth history of which is specified via the garnet crystal size frequency distribution. Garnet growth simulations with THERIA_G
produce compositional profiles for the garnet porphyroblasts of each size class of a population and full information on equilibrium
phase assemblages for any point along the specified P–T–t trajectory. The results of garnet growth simulation can be used to infer the P–T–t path of metamorphism from the chemical zoning of garnet porphyroblasts. With a hypothetical example of garnet growth in a
pelitic rock we demonstrate that it is essential for the interpretation of the chemical zoning of garnet to account for the
combined effects of the thermodynamic conditions of garnet growth, the nucleation history and intracrystalline diffusion.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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| F. GaidiesEmail: |
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依托中分辨率成像光谱仪完整的数据序列和丰富的光谱信息,遥感特征指数在湿地生态系统发展变化的状态、趋向和规律研究方面发挥着不可替代的优势。传统类间距离判别的遥感特征指数选取中常存在过分依赖数据统计特征、入选指数与目标地类间生态学意义不明确、分类模型普适性差等局限性。基于此,本研究以河北省白洋淀湿地自然保护区为例,提出类可分离性距离判别（Class Separation Discrimination,CSD）与类间距离判别（Class Distance Discrimination,CDD）相结合的方法构建最优遥感特征指数集,并采用QUEST算法和马氏距离判别法构建分类决策树模型用于白洋淀湿地信息的提取研究,尝试克服传统类间距离指数选取中的不足。结果表明：运用CSD和CDD相结合的方法所选取的遥感特征指数在研究区湿地信息提取过程中的总体分类精度达到了91.32%,Kappa系数0.88,较传统的分类与回归树（Classification and Regression Tree,CART）方法,分类精度提高了1.67%;其次选取的最优指数与待提取的湿地类型均具有明确的生态学意义,如挺水植物在立地干湿交替条件下的潴育化过程决定了氧化铁比率IO可成功的将混分的耕地和挺水植物进一步分离;进一步将基于研究区2017年OLI影像构建的CSD和CDD相结合方法与CART方法的模型分别应用于研究区2019年OLI影像进行分类,基于CSD和CDD相结合方法构建的模型分类总体精度和Kappa系数分别为：86.97%、0.83,基于CART方法构建的模型无法满足分类需求,研究结果较好地证明了基于CSD和CDD相结合方法构建的模型在年际之间具有良好的适用性和稳定性。总之,CSD和CDD相结合的方法在不降低湿地信息提取精度的基础上,有效避免了传统遥感特征指数选择方法的局限性,提高了分类模型的普适性,是遥感特征指数选择算法和决策树相结合在湿地信息提取方面的有益尝试。 相似文献
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晶体粒度分布（CSD）是定量化分析火成岩和变质岩结构的重要手段。在变质岩中测量的CSD提供了有关变质过程中晶体成核和生长速率、生长时间的定量信息。文章选取内蒙古霍各乞二号矿床含矿富石榴石岩样品中石榴子石晶体为研究对象，在GIS软件和R语言的支持下，应用空间点模式分析、CSD分析、空间最邻近分析、空间多距离分析、Fry分析等综合方法，探讨了晶体空间数据和点空间数据表征的微结构变化特征，将CSD曲线分段变化记录的信息与地质演化历史联系起来。分段的CSD曲线记录了变质事件的叠加。不同形式的晶体粒度分布直接反映了区域变质岩与接触变质岩演化历史的差异。由于接触变质作用的高温阶段持续时间较短，因此产生的CSD曲线是线性的，不受退火的影响。而区域变质作用涉及长时间升温及其之后的冷却阶段，所以最初的线性CSD后来被退火改造为钟形曲线。含矿富石榴石岩样品的核密度和CSD分析结果显示了两个晶体群密度。分析认为一类晶体群可能与造山过程中的区域变质活动有关，另一类晶体群可能与大面积区域变质期后发生在特定位置的岩体侵入迅速升温的接触热变质事件有关。 相似文献
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《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2021,81(1):125688
An intrusive granitoid pluton into TTG-Dharwar Supergroup greenstone sequence is being reported for the first time from the Dharwar Foreland region. Based on field and petrographic characteristics, these granitoids are classified as - quartz-monzodiorites and granites. Occasional mafic bodies of dioritic-granodioritic composition with size ranging from small microgranular magmatic enclaves to bodies of several centimeters are common in these granitoids.The granitoids are devoid of any crystal-plastic fabric as well as high-strain characteristics. The textural (CSD) studies indicate that the quartz-monzodiorites are derived from magma mixing whereas the granites are derived from equilibrium crystallization of the magma derived from the reworking of quartz-monzodiorites. The P-T estimates indicate that the quartz-monzodiorites were crystallized at higher temperature (>950 °C) and pressure (3.09–4.36 kbar) conditions in a reducing environment at mid-crustal levels. However, the granites indicate lower temperature (<750 °C) and pressure (0.89–1.88 kbar) conditions of crystallization in an oxidizing environment at shallow-crustal levels. The bulk rock chemical characteristics indicate that the quartz-monzodiorites were derived from the melt generated by the mixing of two melts - a melt derived from the differentiation of sanukitoids senso lato (s.l.) and a melt derived from the partial melting of TTG. On the other hand, reworking of the hot crystallizing quartz-monzodiorite due to its rapid upliftment to shallow crustal levels resulted in a decompression melting which gave rise to granitic melts.The relative age of the Dharwad granitoids is estimated to be ∼2580–2560 Ma and unlike the other older granitoids (> 2.61 Ga) reported from the northern part of the Shimoga greenstone belt, the studied granitoids marks the final stage of cratonization in the Foreland region. 相似文献
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The 1973 eruption of Eldfell volcano, Iceland, appears to have been a short, simple event, but textural and geochemical evidence suggest that it may have had three different magmatic components. The first-erupted fissure magmas were chemically evolved, rich in plagioclase (∼ 18%) and had shallow, straight crystal size distribution (CSD) curves. The early lavas were less evolved chemically, had lower plagioclase contents (∼ 13%) and steeper, slightly concave up CSDs. The late lavas were chemically similar to the early lavas, but even richer in plagioclase than the initial magmas (∼ 24%) and had the steepest CSDs. There was no chemical evidence for plagioclase fractionation, but compositional diversity could be produced by clinopyroxene fractionation which must have occurred at depth. We propose that the eruption started with old, coarsened (Ostwald ripened) magma left over from a previous eruption, possibly that which produced Surtsey Island ten years earlier. The early flows may be mixtures of small amounts of this old magma with a new, low crystallinity, uncoarsened magma or a completely new magma. The late flows are another new magma from depth, chemically similar to the early flows, but which has grown plagioclase under increasing saturation (undercooling) perhaps during its ascent. All three magmatic components may have originated from the same parent, but had varying degrees of clinopyroxene fractionation, plagioclase nucleation and growth, and coarsening. 相似文献
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Crystal Size Distributions (CSD) in Three Dimensions: Insights from the 3D Reconstruction of a Highly Porphyritic Rhyolite 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
Growth histories and residence times of crystals in magmaticsystems can be revealed by studying crystal sizes, size distributionsand shapes. In this contribution, serial sectioning has beenemployed on a sample of porphyritic rhyolite from a Permo-Carboniferouslaccolith from the Halle Volcanic Complex, Germany, to reconstructthe distribution of felsic phenocrysts in three dimensions inorder to determine their true shapes, sizes and three-dimensionalsize distributions. A model of all three phenocryst phases (quartz,plagioclase, K-feldspar) with 217 crystals, and a larger modelcontaining 1599 K-feldspar crystals was reconstructed in threedimensions. The first model revealed a non-touching frameworkof crystals in three dimensions, suggesting that individualcrystals grew freely in the melt prior to quenching of the texture.However, crystal shapes are complex and show large variationon a Zingg diagram (intermediate over long axis plotted againstshort over intermediate axis). They often do not resemble thecrystallographic shapes expected for phenocrysts growing unhinderedfrom a melt, indicating complex growth histories. In contrast,the three-dimensional size distribution is a simple straightline with a negative slope. Stereologically corrected size distributionsfrom individual sections compare well with stereologically correctedsize distributions obtained previously from the same sample.However, crystal size distribution (CSD) data from individualsections scatter considerably. It is shown that CSDs can berobustly reproduced with a sampling size of greater than 200crystals. The kind of shape assumed in stereological correctionof CSDs, however, has a large influence on the calculation andestimation of crystal residence times. KEY WORDS: 3D reconstruction; crystal shapes; CSD; porphyritic rhyolite; quantitative petrography 相似文献
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Crystal size distributions (CSD) and shapes of accessory apatite,titanite and allanite are investigated in three texturally distinctgarnet zones (Z1–Z3) and in the matrix (Z4) of a garnet–epidote–biotitegneiss from the Moine Supergroup. Additionally, textural relationshipsand interactions between the accessory minerals and surroundingrock-forming minerals are considered, results of numerical CSDmodelling are presented, and geochronological and geologicalconsequences of the inferred CSD evolutions are discussed. Texturesand CSDs indicate that the accessory minerals were in, or near,a stage of nucleation and initial growth immediately prior togarnet Z1 overgrowth, and formed within less than 20 000 years,either by a size-independent or size-dependent growth mechanism.Subsequently, the CSDs were modified by different growth mechanisms,as supported by several parameters including CSDs, grain numbers,grain sizes, specific volumes and others. The apatite CSD evolutionfrom Z1 to Z4 is consistent with open-system LPE (Law of ProportionateEffects) growth accompanied and followed by supply controlledrandom ripening, whereas transformation of the original titaniteCSD is more consistent with Ostwald ripening, temporarily accompaniedby positive or negative McCabe growth. The allanite CSDs alsopoint to Ostwald ripening between Z3 and Z4. The textural observationsindicate that the growth evolution of the accessory phases wasinfluenced by mineral reactions with surrounding rock-formingminerals, as well as by deformation and matrix coarsening, ina manner similar to that found in more simple ceramic systems.The observed textures require a successive temperature risethroughout the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the investigatedrock, in agreement with existing P–T data. Fast nucleationand initial growth of the accessory minerals during Z1 was perhapsinitiated by contact metamorphism, whereas subsequent growthand annealing (Z2–Z4) result from regional metamorphicevents. KEY WORDS: apatite; titanite; allanite; CSD; Moine Supergroup; textures; kinetics 相似文献
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Combining CSD and isotopic microanalysis: Magma supply and mixing processes at Stromboli Volcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
D.J. Morgan D.A. Jerram D.G. Chertkoff J.P. Davidson D.G. Pearson A. Kronz G.M. Nowell 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2007,260(3-4):419-431
Integrating isotopic microanalysis with other analytical techniques creates powerful new methodologies for understanding the evolution of rock samples at the sub-grain scale. Here we present Crystal Size Distribution (CSD) data for a 26,000 year old sample from Stromboli Volcano and accompanying isotopic microanalysis of the phenocrysts. A technique, called the ICSD plot, is introduced which given stated assumptions allows the integration of both sets of data to generate timelines of isotopic evolution through the volcanic system. The combined approach is powerful, allowing investigation of the magma supply, mixing, crystallisation and contamination processes prior to eruption of a volcanic sample. For Stromboli Volcano, the combined analysis suggests that the change in magma type following a cone collapse took roughly five years to complete, similar to the timescale of changes seen in recent decades. 相似文献