三峡工程运用后坝下游河道泥沙输移变化规律   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

郭小虎  渠庚  刘亚  刘心愿 《湖泊科学》2020,32(2):564-572

三峡工程蓄水后"清水"下泄,坝下游河段将会长期处于严重不饱和状态,水流含沙量沿程恢复将会引起坝下游长距离冲刷,本文根据三峡工程蓄水前、后的实测资料分析了坝下游河道泥沙输移变化规律,探索不同粒径组沙量沿程恢复对河床冲刷的影响,得到以下结论:在蓄水初期d≤0.031 mm沙量恢复主要受河床补给与江湖入汇共同的影响,随着水库下泄该粒径组沙量递减,使得各站该粒径组年均输沙量均远小于蓄水前的水平,沙量恢复仍主要受河床补给与江湖入汇的影响,这是造成坝下游河道发生长距离冲刷的主要原因之一;在蓄水初期0.031 mmd≤0.125 mm沙量恢复主要受河床补给的影响,但江湖入汇的影响较大,随着河床补给量逐渐减少,各站该粒径组年均输沙量均小于蓄水前的水平,沙量恢复仍主要受河床补给的影响,江湖入汇的影响逐渐减小,这也是坝下游河道发生长距离冲刷的主要原因之一; d0.125 mm沙量恢复主要受河床补给的影响,蓄水初期该粒径组沙量在宜昌监利河段沿程恢复速率较快,且在监利站达到蓄水前的水平,随着时间推移,在宜昌监利河段沿程恢复且速率仍较快,在监利站达到最大值,其数值逐渐小于蓄水前的水平,这是造成坝下游河道冲刷重点集中在宜昌监利河段的主要原因.  相似文献   

Makran ophiolitic basalts (SE Iran) record Late Cretaceous Neotethys plume-ridge interaction     

Rasoul Esmaeili  Mohammad Ebrahimi  Ji’En Zhang  Zhiyong Zhang  Yasser Abd El-Rahman 《International Geology Review》2020,62(13-14):1677-1697

ABSTRACT

The Makran complex in southeast Iran provides a spectacular subduction-related accretionary complex to understand the mechanism of oceanic accretion and the evolution of subduction zones. In this paper, we present new major and trace element data as well as isotopic compositions of mafic volcanic blocks from the Makran ophiolitic mélange complex (OMC). Our aim is to assess the genesis of these rocks and discuss their implications on the evolution of Neotethys Ocean. These volcanic blocks are composed mainly of basalts with minor trachytes. The Makran lavas are occasionally interlayered with tuff layers. Zircons from these tuffs give U-Pb ages of 95 Ma, which is well in accordance with the reposted microfossil data for the interlayered pelagic limestones with pillow lavas. Makran basalts can be geochemically subdivided into four groups; normal to transitional MORB, enriched-MORB, Plume-type MORB and alkaline (-OIB-like) basalts. The OIB-like pillow lavas are represented by high values of Th/Tb (6.3–7.4) which are higher than other basalts (group 1 = 0.3–0.8; groups 2 = 0.7–1.6; group 3 = 1.58–1.36).¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(t) ratios for basalts ranges from 0.51247 to 0.51292, whereas ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(t) isotopic composition of the OMC lavas varies from 0.704433 to 0.709466. The Pb isotopic composition of the lavas are quite high, ranging from 15.49–15.66 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_(t), 18.09–19.12 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_(t) and 37.80–39.23 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb_(t). The chemistry of these rocks suggests that they were formed most likely in an oceanic setting with clear plume-ridge interaction. These rocks can form from partial melting of a highly heterogeneous mantle source, which is extensively metasomatized with deep mantle OIB-type components. We suggest these rocks have been generated in an oceanic ridge with plume-ridge interaction, similar to the Iceland-Reykjanes Ridge, before being fragmented and accreted into the Makran accretionary complex.  相似文献   

新疆东昆仑西段库拉甫河岩组火山岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年龄     

周能武  陈邦学  杨有生  郭新成  朱志新  陈甜  白权金 《地质通报》2019,38(5):757-766

对东昆仑西段库拉甫河岩组火山岩地球化学进行研究,结果显示,主量元素MgO、FeO含量较高,TiO_2和K_2O含量分别为1.12%、0.63%,与岛弧拉斑玄武岩(0.84%、0.43%)接近;微量元素具有Sr富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta略亏损,P无明显分馏或未分馏的特征,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线显示良好的同源性(配分曲线变化规律近似一致),且与富集型洋脊玄武岩配分趋势一致。结合构造环境判别,认为其形成于岛弧环境,具有岛弧拉斑玄武岩的特征,来源于与岛弧相关的富集地幔。利用锆石U-Pb测年获得2组年龄,其中一组年龄为688.7±5.1Ma,代表捕获晶年龄,另一组年龄483.4±3.3Ma为结晶年龄,代表玄武岩的形成年龄,属于早奥陶世。结合其构造环境、岩石地球化学特征和年龄数据,认为其是原特提斯洋俯冲消减环境下的产物,且原特提斯洋俯冲至少持续到早奥陶世。  相似文献   

新疆绿洲城镇组群内部经济联系及空间差异测度研究          下载免费PDF全文

李雪梅 《干旱区地理》2019,42(1):180-186

绿洲城镇组群是新疆特殊区域形成的规模相对较小的单一中心空间自组织模式。运用城市中心性指数、城市经济联系模型和Theil系数对新疆八大绿洲城镇组群内部城镇中心性、经济联系及空间差异测度。结果显示：绿洲城镇组群内部的中心城市的中心性职能较强，周边城镇的中心性职能相对较弱，形成了单中心的空间自组织模式；绿洲城镇组群内部经济联系量和经济联系隶属度大小的排序一致，离中心城市的距离越近、经济发展水平越高，经济联系隶属度越高；近10 a年来绿洲城镇组群的整体空间差异一直在扩大，且呈现出继续扩大趋势。在此基础上，提出了建立区域合作协调机制、明确城镇组群发展方向、增强中心城市的辐射带动作用、实现产业合理分工以及构建制度保障体系促进绿洲城镇组群的协同发展。  相似文献   

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带西段野马去申拉组富Nb火山岩的发现及其指示意义     

吴建亮  尹显科  刘文  雷传扬  王波  李威  裴亚伦  张伟 《地质通报》2019,38(4):471-483

以班公湖-怒江缝合带西段的去申拉组玄武岩和安山岩为研究对象,进行了岩石锆石测年和地球化学研究。测年结果显示,安山岩形成于108.5±1.5Ma,属于早白垩世晚期。岩石地球化学特征表明,野马去申拉组玄武岩Nb含量为10.5×10-6～11.1×10~(-6),Al_2O_3含量为17.63%～17.96%(平均值17.74%),属于富Nb高铝玄武岩,为中钾钙碱性系列;安山岩属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石。野马火山岩轻、重稀土元素分异明显,其中玄武岩稀土元素总量为119.20×10~(-6)～120.49×10~(-6),(La/Yb)_N值为5.17～5.53;安山岩稀土元素总量为179.97×10~(-6)～184.75×10~(-6),(La/Yb)_N值为13.83～15.12;二者在微量元素上表现出不同程度的富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素相对亏损,具低Cr、Ni,高Sr、Nb、Zr含量,发育岛弧火山岩相关特征。其岩浆源区受俯冲流体的影响较大,后经历了不同程度的铁镁矿物的结晶分离作用。综合分析认为,野马去申拉组火山岩可能形成于弧后盆地构造环境下,是班公湖-怒江特提斯洋岩石圈南向俯冲过程中板片断离导致软流圈地幔上涌,诱发弧后拉张背景下的直接岩浆响应。  相似文献   

宾川苦橄岩的水含量:对峨眉山大火成岩省成因的启示          下载免费PDF全文

俞浩然  刘佳  夏群科  顾笑龑  王子桢  毕垚 《高校地质学报》2019,25(1):24

近几年来对西伯利亚、哥伦比亚河、塔里木等大火成岩省原始岩浆水含量的分析表明，其源区的显著水化是造成地 幔熔融异常的重要原因之一。峨眉山大火成岩省是全球二叠纪大火成岩省的重要组成之一，前期对其位于宾川剖面底部的 大理苦橄岩水含量的分析表明地幔的水化在峨眉山大火成岩省形成中起到了重要作用。然而大理苦橄岩只能代表峨眉山大 火成岩省初始阶段的熔融条件，而在其后的喷发历史中水是否也起到了关键作用还不清楚。定量分析后阶段喷发的苦橄岩 水含量有助于更完整评估水在大火成岩省形成中的作用。本文报道了位于峨眉山大火成岩省西部岩带宾川剖面中上部的宾 川苦橄岩的水含量，结果表明原始岩浆水含量可高达2.8 wt%，比大理苦橄岩的水含量略低，但仍显著高于MORB 和OIB， 达到了岛弧玄武岩的水含量范围。这表明水对整个大火成岩省的形成中都扮演了重要角色。  相似文献   

Middle Permian organic carbon isotope stratigraphy and the origin of the Kamura Event     

《Gondwana Research》2020

Large carbon cycle perturbations associated with the Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction have been widely reported, but their causes and timing are still in dispute. Low resolution carbon isotope records prior to this event also limit the construction of a Middle Permian chemostratigraphic framework and global or local stratigraphic correlation, and hence limit our understanding of carbon cycle and environmental changes. To investigate these issues, we analyzed the ¹³C_org values from the Middle Permian chert-mudstone sequence (Gufeng Formation) in the Lower Yangtze deep-water basin (South China) and compared them with published records to build a chemostratigraphic scheme and discuss the underlying environmental events. The records show increased δ¹³C_org values from late Kungurian to early Guadalupian, followed by a decrease to the late Wordian/early Capitanian. The early-mid Capitanian was characterized by elevated δ¹³C_org values suggesting the presence of the “Kamura Event”: an interval of heavy positive values seen in the δ¹³C_carb record. We propose that these heavy Capitanian δ¹³C values may be a response to a marked decline in chemical weathering rates on Pangea and associated reduction in carbonate burial, which we show using a biogeochemical model. The subsequent negative δ¹³C excursion seen in some carbonate records, especially in shallower-water sections (and in a muted expression in organic carbon) coincide with the Capitanian mass extinction may be caused by the input of isotopically-light carbon sourced from the terrestrial decomposition of organic matter.  相似文献   

海上风电场高桩承台群桩基础平台的设计研究     

王淼  武东宽  李近元  祝亮  陈晓军  刘建民  赵乐川 《海洋科学》2020,44(10):114-120

针对国内海上风电基础设计没有统一的规范及标准，为提升海上风电基础设计建设的水平，通过对东南沿海某海域海上风电基础的设计进行了有限元计算分析论证，验证了群桩高承台结构设计方案的设计方法和设计参数。分析结果表明该设计的最大应力主要发生在塔筒底座与承台接触部位及钢管桩与承台连接段，应在连接部位加强措施处理；基础竖直位移较小，水平位移相对较大；分界部位应力较集中，刚度不能顺畅过渡，可考虑填充碎石土等方法加强。本研究对海上风电基础设计技术的研究与探索，可为将来制定中国海上风电行业标准提供可靠的依据，对中国未来大批量的海上风电能源的开发有着重要意义。  相似文献   

VELOCITY CHARACTRISTICS OF SHANXI AND ADJACENT AREA AND ITS TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Xia  SONG Mei-qin  ZHENG Yong  AI San-xi 《地震地质》2019,41(1):119-136

In order to acquire a better velocity structure of the crustal and uppermost mantle beneath Shanxi area, we obtain the group and phase velocities of Rayleigh wave of the periods 8s to 50s in Shanxi and adjacent area using ambient seismic noise recorded at 216 broad-band stations. All available vertical-component time series for 2014 have been cross-correlated to yield estimates of empirical Rayleigh wave Green's function. Group and phase velocity dispersion curves for Rayleigh wave are measured for each interstation path by applying frequency-time analysis. It describes finer velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in Shanxi, which reflects the geological structure characteristics at different depths. The resolution is within 50km and the resolution of part periods can reach 40km.The Rayleigh wave group and phase speed maps at short periods(8~18s and 10~22s)show clear correlations with shallow geological structures. Mountain areas on both sides of Shanxi depression zone show apparent high-velocity anomaly, except for low-velocity anomaly in the Taiyuan Basin, Linfen-Yuncheng Basin and Weihe Basin. Especially, the areas of Youyu County-Pianguan County-Kelan County-Shuozhou City and Jingle County-Lishi District of Lüliang City in Lüliang Mountains, and Yu County-Fuping County-Yi County and Yangcheng County-Licheng County in Taihang Mountains, present higher velocity anomaly. In addition, the velocity is lowest in the Weihe Basin, and the amplitude of low velocity decreases gradually from the south to the north of the basins in Shanxi, which probably is related to the process of gradual stretching and development of the Shanxi rift zone from the southwest to the northeast. The obvious velocity difference across the latitude of 38°N exists at 18~30s period of phase and 24~35s period of group velocity maps, which is probably related to the deep and shallow Moho depth variation in the south and north of Shanxi and the suture zone of ancient blocks including "hard" southern block and "soft" northern block. At the same time, the research result of receiver function reveals that partial melting of the lower crust occurs in the northern Taihang Mountains, while the southern section remains stable(Poisson's ratio is above 0.3 in the northern Taihang Mountains and 0.25~0.26 in the southern section). The phase velocity map at 30~50s period clearly shows NW velocity gradient belt, and the low velocity anomaly in the northeast side may be related to Cenozoic volcanism. Meanwhile, the eastern border of Ordos block is the western faults of central basins in Shanxi depression zone. However, some research results indicate that the above border is Lishi Fault in the surface, inferring that the Ordos block shows a shape of wide in the upper and narrow in the lower part from the surface to deep. The Datong volcanic area at 18~45s period of phase and 24~35s period of group velocity maps shows low velocity of trumpet shape from shallow to deep, related to the upwelling of hot material from lower mantle in the Cenozoic causing a large area of intense magmatic activity. It indicates the more specific upwelling channel of Datong volcanoes simultaneously.  相似文献   

Strong variation in weathering of layered rock maintains hillslope‐scale strength under high precipitation          下载免费PDF全文

Jennifer Von Voigtlander  Marin K. Clark  Dimitrios Zekkos  William W. Greenwood  Suzanne P. Anderson  Robert S. Anderson  Jonathan W. Godt 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(6):1183-1194

The evolution of volcanic landscapes and their landslide potential are both dependent upon the weathering of layered volcanic rock sequences. We characterize critical zone structure using shallow seismic V_p and V_s profiles and vertical exposures of rock across a basaltic climosequence on Kohala peninsula, Hawai’i, and exploit the dramatic gradient in mean annual precipitation (MAP) across the peninsula as a proxy for weathering intensity. Seismic velocity increases rapidly with depth and the velocity–depth gradient is uniform across three sites with 500–600 mm/yr MAP, where the transition to unaltered bedrock occurs at a depth of 4 to 10 m. In contrast, velocity increases with depth less rapidly at wetter sites, but this gradient remains constant across increasing MAP from 1000 to 3000 mm/yr and the transition to unaltered bedrock is near the maximum depth of investigation (15–25 m). In detail, the profiles of seismic velocity and of weathering at wet sites are nowhere monotonic functions of depth. The uniform average velocity gradient and the greater depths of low velocities may be explained by the averaging of velocities over intercalated highly weathered sites with less weathered layers at sites where MAP > 1000 mm/yr. Hence, the main effect of climate is not the progressive deepening of a near‐surface altered layer, but rather the rapid weathering of high permeability zones within rock subjected to precipitation greater than ~1000 mm/yr. Although weathering suggests mechanical weakening, the nearly horizontal orientation of alternating weathered and unweathered horizons with respect to topography also plays a role in the slope stability of these heterogeneous rock masses. We speculate that where steep, rapidly evolving hillslopes exist, the sub‐horizontal orientation of weak/strong horizons allows such sites to remain nearly as strong as their less weathered counterparts at drier sites, as is exemplified by the 50°–60° slopes maintained in the amphitheater canyons on the northwest flank of the island. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献