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十余年来,全球构造的核心课题是各期超级大陆的复原或再造。为了鉴别散布全球各地的克拉通、造山带及裂谷带是否具有亲缘关系,本文应用了地质DNA的概念。一个古老的陆壳块体必然会有许多独特的标志,类似于生物学领域的遗传基因,在母体分裂解体和离散之后被保留在子体之中。根据地质DNA的对比和异同,笔者确定华泰克拉通来源于Rodinia,并给出了其后续演化历程的路线图和时间表。与前人结论不同的是,华北地台、西伯利亚地台和劳伦古陆三者共同构成的古劳亚大陆不是Rodinia的一部分,而是与其并存的另一联合古陆。SWEAT设想的误区在于将落基山带代表整个北美,实际上就劳伦古陆和北美地台而言,落基山带只是一个外来移植地体。后者与华泰克拉通一样,均为Rodinia的组成部分。华泰与华北二克拉通的拼接,以及落基山带与北美地台的拼接,都是全球性的古劳亚与Rodinia构造拼接的组成部分。生物地层学的研究表明,此次拼接发生于536 Ma前后,这是形成真正超级大陆Pannotia的重大地质事件。寒武纪末期（510 Ma）Pannotia解体,原来的古劳亚大陆携带着华泰克拉通和落基山带,与古冈瓦纳大陆分离,并在其间的地域形成了南太平洋。直到奥陶纪晚期（440 Ma前后）,古劳亚大陆分裂,华泰与华北二克拉通作为一个整体漂离加拿大地盾和北美内陆地台,同时形成北太平洋。所以,太平洋的形成不是原设想的720 Ma,而是510～440 Ma之后。 相似文献
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Contemporaneous assembly of Western Gondwana and final Rodinia break-up: Implications for the supercontinent cycle 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Geological, geochronological and isotopic data are integrated in order to present a revised model for the Neoproterozoic evolution of Western Gondwana. Although the classical geodynamic scenario assumed for the period 800–700 Ma is related to Rodinia break-up and the consequent opening of major oceanic basins, a significantly different tectonic evolution can be inferred for most Western Gondwana cratons. These cratons occupied a marginal position in the southern hemisphere with respect to Rodinia and recorded subduction with back-arc extension, island arc development and limited formation of oceanic crust in internal oceans. This period was thus characterized by increased crustal growth in Western Gondwana, resulting from addition of juvenile continental crust along convergent margins. In contrast, crustal reworking and metacratonization were dominant during the subsequent assembly of Gondwana. The Río de la Plata, Congo-São Francisco, West African and Amazonian cratons collided at ca. 630–600 Ma along the West Gondwana Orogen. These events overlap in time with the onset of the opening of the Iapetus Ocean at ca. 610–600 Ma, which gave rise to the separation of Baltica, Laurentia and Amazonia and resulted from the final Rodinia break-up. The East African/Antarctic Orogen recorded the subsequent amalgamation of Western and Eastern Gondwana after ca. 580 Ma, contemporaneously with the beginning of subduction in the Terra Australis Orogen along the southern Gondwana margin. However, the Kalahari Craton was lately incorporated during the Late Ediacaran–Early Cambrian. The proposed Gondwana evolution rules out the existence of Pannotia, as the final Gondwana amalgamation postdates latest connections between Laurentia and Amazonia. Additionally, a combination of introversion and extroversion is proposed for the assembly of Gondwana. The contemporaneous record of final Rodinia break-up and Gondwana assembly has major implications for the supercontinent cycle, as supercontinent amalgamation and break-up do not necessarily represent alternating episodic processes but overlap in time. 相似文献
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The supercontinent cycle has had a profound effect on the Earth's evolution since the Late Archean but our understanding of the forces responsible for its operation remains elusive. Supercontinents appear to form by two end-member processes: extroversion, in which the oceanic lithosphere surrounding the supercontinent (exterior ocean) is preferentially subducted (e.g. Pannotia), and introversion in which the oceanic lithosphere formed between dispersing fragments of the previous supercontinent (interior ocean) is preferentially subducted (e.g. Pangea). Extroversion can be explained by “top–down” geodynamics, in which a supercontinent breaks up over a geoid high and amalgamates above a geoid low. Introversion, on the other hand, requires that the combined forces of slab-pull and ridge push (which operate in concert after supercontinent break-up) must be overcome in order to enable the previously dispersing continents to turn inward. Introversion may begin when subduction zones are initiated along boundaries between the interior and exterior oceans and become trapped within the interior ocean. We speculate that the reversal in continental motion required for introversion may be induced by slab avalanche events that trigger the rise of superplumes from the core-mantle boundary. 相似文献
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Repeated cycles of supercontinent amalgamation and dispersal have occurred since the Late Archean and have had a profound influence on the evolution of the Earth's crust, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and life. When a supercontinent breaks up, two geodynamically distinct tracts of oceanic lithosphere exist: relatively young interior ocean floor that develops between the dispersing continents, and relatively old exterior ocean floor, which surrounded the supercontinent before breakup. The geologic and Sm/Nd isotopic record suggests that supercontinents may form by two end-member mechanisms: introversion (e.g. Pangea), in which interior ocean floor is preferentially subducted, and extroversion (e.g. Pannotia), in which exterior ocean floor is preferentially subducted.The mechanisms responsible remain elusive. Top–down geodynamic models predict that supercontinents form by extroversion, explaining the formation of Pannotia in the latest Neoproterozoic, but not the formation of Pangea. Preliminary analysis indicates that the onset of subduction in the interior (Rheic) ocean in the early Paleozoic, which culminated in the amalgamation of Pangea, was coeval with a major change in the tectonic regime in the exterior (paleo-Pacific) ocean, suggesting a geodynamic linkage between these events. Sea level fall from the Late Ordovician to the Carboniferous suggests that the average elevation of the oceanic crust decreased in this time interval, implying that the average age of the oceanic lithosphere increased as the Rheic Ocean was contracting, and that subduction of relatively new Rheic Ocean lithosphere was favoured over the subduction of relatively old, paleo-Pacific lithosphere. A coeval increase in the rate of sea floor spreading is suggested by the relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr in late Paleozoic ocean waters. We speculate that superplumes, perhaps driven by slab avalanche events, can occasionally overwhelm top–down geodynamics, imposing a geoid high over a pre-existing geoid low and causing the dispersing continents to reverse their directions to produce an introverted supercontinent. 相似文献
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华北克拉通与全球构造 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
华北克拉通是中国境内独具特色的大地构造单元,它既不同于新建立的华泰克拉通,又明显有别于扬子地台和塔里木地台。为追溯其形成和演化历史,将全球视为一个整体,在世界范围内寻找与其有宗谱关系的地体。经过认真的对比和鉴别,发现西伯利亚地台、加拿大地盾与中国的华北地台具有特殊的渊源关系。三者合计由14个太古宙原生陆壳块体,于古元古代末(1.79~2.2Ga)通过造山运动碰撞聚合在一起,形成了笔者所称的古劳亚大陆。后者最重要的地质标志就是统一的中元古代盖层,此即中国的长城系、蓟县系,俄罗斯西伯利亚的里菲系和北美洲的层群A、层群B。早寒武世,西伯利亚地台脱离了古劳亚大陆。中寒武世之初即536Ma,古劳亚大陆与形成于1000~1300Ma的Rodinia发生构造拼接,缔造了具有全球规模但命运短暂的超级大陆——Pannotia。这次构造拼接的意义不可低估,在时间上它恰好与骨骼化后生动物的快速发展(“生物大爆炸”)相吻合。过去长时间人们无法理解的,为什么远隔重洋的北美洲-澳大利亚-中国,寒武系中—上统的沉积类型和生物群具有高度一致性的问题,也随之迎刃而解。寒武纪末期510Ma,Pannotia解体并一分为二,在古劳亚大陆与古冈瓦纳大陆之间的地域形成了南太平洋。直到奥陶纪晚期即440Ma前后,古劳亚大陆才分裂,形成了北太平洋,中国北方包括华北和华泰2个克拉通在内,与北美洲的劳伦古陆和内陆地台,才各奔西东。回溯华北地台的渊源,作为一个整体它曾与西伯利亚地台共存了1.3Ga,而与北美的加拿大地盾至少共同度过1.4Ga之久。 相似文献
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