Deposition and preservation of fluvio-tidal shallow-marine sandstones: A re-evaluation of the Neoproterozoic Jura Quartzite (western Scotland)     

Bruce K. Levell  Howard D. Johnson  Daniel S. Collins  Marijn van Cappelle 《Sedimentology》2020,67(1):173-206

The 2 to 5 km thick, sandstone-dominated (>90%) Jura Quartzite is an extreme example of a mature Neoproterozoic sandstone, previously interpreted as a tide-influenced shelf deposit and herein re-interpreted within a fluvio-tidal deltaic depositional model. Three issues are addressed: (i) evidence for the re-interpretation from tidal shelf to tidal delta; (ii) reasons for vertical facies uniformity; and (iii) sand supply mechanisms to form thick tidal-shelf sandstones. The predominant facies (compound cross-bedded, coarse-grained sandstones) represents the lower parts of metres to tens of metres high, transverse fluvio-tidal bedforms with superimposed smaller bedforms. Ubiquitous erosional surfaces, some with granule–pebble lags, record erosion of the upper parts of those bedforms. There was selective preservation of the higher energy, topographically-lower, parts of channel-bar systems. Strongly asymmetrical, bimodal, palaeocurrents are interpreted as due to associated selective preservation of fluvially-enhanced ebb tidal currents. Finer-grained facies are scarce, due largely to suspended sediment bypass. They record deposition in lower-energy environments, including channel mouth bars, between and down depositional-dip of higher energy fluvio-ebb tidal bars. The lack of wave-formed sedimentary structures and low continuity of mudstone and sandstone interbeds, support deposition in a non-shelf setting. Hence, a sand-rich, fluvial–tidal, current-dominated, largely sub-tidal, delta setting is proposed. This new interpretation avoids the problem of transporting large amounts of coarse sand to a shelf. Facies uniformity and vertical stacking are likely due to sediment oversupply and bypass rather than balanced sediment supply and subsidence rates. However, facies evidence of relative sea level changes is difficult to recognise, which is attributed to: (i) the areally extensive and polygenetic nature of the preserved facies, and (ii) a large stored sediment buffer that dampened response to relative sea-level and/or sediment supply changes. Consideration of preservation bias towards high-energy deposits may be more generally relevant, especially to thick Neoproterozoic and Lower Palaeozoic marine sandstones.  相似文献   

浅谈前寒武纪条带状铁建造的沉积-变质成矿过程     

李旭平  陈妍蓉 《岩石学报》2021,37(1):253-268

条带状铁建造(BIF)是3.5~1.8Ga前陆架和洋盆的常见沉积物。前寒武纪条带状铁建造构成了世界上重要的铁矿资源。虽然它们成矿过程及其演化的许多方面的问题仍未解决,但人们普遍认为,它们沉积方式的长期变化与地球的环境和地球化学演化有关。条带状铁建造记录了前寒武纪古海洋、古环境、大气条件和细菌代谢条件以及铁的来源和沉积过程。大型BIF沉积与大火成岩省有成因联系,其铁的来源与火山物质加入的海底热液体系有关,或有陆缘岩石风化的无机物产物加入,越靠近陆缘,陆源碎屑物质加入的越多。然而,在太古宙到古元古代期间,BIF沉积的深水盆地中陆源物质的加入很少。那时的铁建造沉积在缺氧的海洋中,通过微生物的光合作用、无氧光合氧化和紫外光线辐射氧化等机制对溶解的二价铁进行氧化,从而形成三价铁氢氧化物和氧化物的沉积。大多数BIF大型矿床,自其在沉积环境中形成以来,它们在从太古宙直至中生代的漫长的地质历史演化过程中经历了铁矿的品位由低到高转化的复杂地质过程,一般经历了深部交代变质作用的除硅、除碳酸岩矿物的富集成矿和浅部风化富集成矿过程。许多BIF铁矿经历了从绿片岩相到角闪岩相变质作用,但到达的压力条件都不是很高,这或许与俯冲的高密度BIF铁矿难以折返的动力学机制有关。迄今为止,变质作用、尤其是高级变质作用对成矿过程的影响研究较少,是今后值得关注的领域。  相似文献   

元古宙真核藻类演化及环境控制因素     

张凤廉  王华建  张水昌  邓胜徽  叶云涛  邓焱  王晓梅  吕丹  卢远征  吕怡潼 《地质学报》2021,95(5):1334-1355

宜居地球、地外生命探索以及资源勘查等的需求使真核生物的早期溯源和演化趋势研究成为国际热点.根据已发现实体化石、分子化石和分子钟证据,将元古宙真核藻类演化划分为环境准备(2.45～1.70 Ga)、缓慢发展(1.70～0.80 Ga)、剧烈波动(0.80～0.64 Ga)、快速辐射(0.64～0.54 Ga)四个阶段.元古宙真核生物的出现、演化和辐射进程与地球氧化和极端气候事件(如冰期)的发生具耦合性,表现出早期生命与地球表层环境的协同演化.真核藻类在1.70～0.80 Ga期间的缓慢演化可能与长期较低的大气氧含量(约为现今水平的1％～10％PAL)有关.低的大气-海洋氧化程度不仅限制了真核藻类生存空间,也通过对氮、磷等营养元素的供应约束,限制了真核藻类初级生产力水平.因此,地球表层氧化可能是地球宜居演化,并孕育出真核生物等各种复杂生命的主要原因.从地球系统形成与演变的角度探索生物圈演化或能对生命的过去和未来给出更为可靠的答案.  相似文献   

青海团宝山花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义     

张保涛  胡兆国  姜晓平  王向伟  孙璐伟  张扬  王小玉  赵晓博  郭伟 《现代地质》2021,35(2):504-513

青海省团宝山花岗岩位于南祁连东段,侵位于古元古代化隆群中。为了解其侵位时代、岩体成因和产出构造环境,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学测试方法对团宝山花岗岩岩体样品进行分析。获得其锆石U-Pb年龄为(776±8) Ma;该岩体SiO₂、Al₂O₃和K₂O含量较高,而FeO^T、MgO和CaO含量较低,K₂O/Na₂O大于1,富集Rb、Th等元素,亏损Ba、Zr等元素,具明显的负铕异常,表现为轻稀土富集型稀土配分模式。该岩体为分异程度较高的过铝质钙碱性岩,具S型花岗岩特征,为晚元古代中期陆陆碰撞的产物;源岩为泥质岩或杂砂岩,侵位后在晋宁运动末期和加里东运动中期经历过岩浆热事件。  相似文献   

华南沉积岩系Hg、Sb丰度     

刘义茂  杨东生  杨小强  庞保成 《大地构造与成矿学》2011,35(3):410-420

从区域构造地球化学演化的角度来看,华南Hg、Sb矿床的形成主要可划分为三个阶段:(1)沉积层(主要是元古宙基底沉积层)堆积过程中Hg、Sb的储集;(2)元古宙基底(沉积层)的下沉-熔融-花岗岩形成与Hg、Sb释放;(3)在有利构造的引控下,含Hg、Sb流体形成、演化与成矿,简称为储存-释放-富集宏观三阶段。本文重点阐述的是第一阶段,华南沉积层特别是元古宙基底沉积层的Hg、Sb丰度。文中将华南沉积层Hg、Sb丰度分为四种类型:Ⅰ原生本底丰度;Ⅱ同生异常丰度;Ⅲ后生丰度;Ⅳ混合丰度。本文计算、统计出华南沉积岩系本底丰度Hg为0.368μg/g,Sb为1.28μg/g。华南元古宙基底沉积岩系本底丰度Hg为0.363μg/g,Sb为1.45μg/g都明显高于地壳及花岗岩Hg、Sb丰度值。  相似文献   

Evolution of the Australian lithosphere     

P. G. Betts  D. Giles  G. S. Lister  L. R. Frick 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(4):661-695

The evolution of the Australian plate can be interpreted in a plate‐tectonic paradigm in which lithospheric growth occurred via vertical and horizontal accretion. The lithospheric roots of Archaean lithosphere developed contemporaneously with the overlying crust. Vertical accretion of the Archaean lithosphere is probably related to the arrival of large plumes, although horizontal lithospheric accretion was also important to crustal growth. The Proterozoic was an era of major crustal growth in which the components of the North Australian, West Australian and South Australian cratons were formed and amalgamated during a series of accretionary events and continent‐continent collisions, interspersed with periods of lithospheric extension. During Phanerozoic accretionary tectonism, approximately 30% of the Australian crust was added to the eastern margin of the continent in a predominantly supra‐subduction environment. Widespread plume‐driven rifting during the breakup of Gondwana may have contributed to the destruction of Archaean lithospheric roots (as a result of lithospheric stretching). However, lithospheric growth occurred at the same time due to mafic underplating along the eastern margin of the plate. Northward drift of Australia during the Tertiary led to the development of a complex accretionary margin at the leading edge of the plate (Papua New Guinea).  相似文献   

Comparison of the ‘strike‐slip’ versus the ‘episodic rift‐sag’ models for the origin of the Isa Superbasin     

P. G. Betts  G. S. Lister 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):265-280

In this paper we assess two competing tectonic models for the development of the Isa Superbasin (ca 1725–1590 Ma) in the Western Fold Belt of the Mt Isa terrane. In the ‘episodic rift‐sag’ tectonic model the basin architecture is envisaged as similar to that of a Basin and Range province characterised by widespread half‐graben development. According to this model, the Isa Superbasin evolved during three stages of the Mt Isa Rift Event. Stage I involved intracontinental extension, half‐graben development, the emergence of fault scarps and tilt‐blocks, and bimodal volcanism. Stage II involved episodic rifting and sag during intervening periods of tectonic quiescence. Stage III was dominated by thermal relaxation of the lithosphere with transient episodes of extension. Sedimentation was controlled by the development of arrays of half‐grabens bounded by intrabasinal transverse or transfer faults. The competing ‘strike‐slip’ model was developed for the Gun Supersequence stratigraphic interval of the Isa Superbasin (during stage II and the beginning of stage III). According to this model, sinistral movements along north‐northeast‐orientated strike‐slip faults took place, with oblique movements along northwest‐orientated faults. This resulted in the deposition of southeast‐thickening ramp sequences with local sub‐basin depocentres forming to the west and north of north‐northeast‐ and northwest‐trending faults, respectively. It is proposed that dilation zones focused magmatism (e.g. Sybella Granite) and transfer of strike‐slip movement resulted in transient uplift along the western margin of the Mt Gordon Arch. Our analysis supports the ‘episodic rift‐sag’ model. We find that the inferred architecture for the strike‐slip model correlates poorly with the observed structural elements. Interpretation is made difficult because there has been significant modification and reorientation of fault geometry during the Isan Orogeny and these effects need to be removed before any assertion as to the basin structure is made. Strike‐slip faulting does not explain the regional‐scale pattern of basin subsidence. The ‘episodic rift‐sag’ model explains the macroscopic geometry of the Isa Superbasin and is consistent with the detailed sedimentological analysis of basin facies architecture, and the structural history and geometry.  相似文献   

Clay mineral,geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic fingerprinting of sediments in the Murray–Darling fluvial system,southeast Australia     

M. Raetz  M. Krabbendam  A. G. Donaghy 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(6):965-983

The Willyama Supergroup of the Broken Hill region in southern Australia consists of supracrustal sedimentary and magmatic rocks, formed between 1810 and 1600 Ma. A statistical analysis of nearly 2000 SHRIMP U–Pb zircon spot ages, compiled from published and unpublished sources, provides evidence for three distinct tectonostratigraphic successions and four magmatic events during this interval. Succession 1 includes Redan Geophysical Zone gneisses and the lower part of the Thackaringa Group (Cues Formation). These rocks were deposited after 1810 Ma and host granite sills of the first magmatic event (1710–1700 Ma). Succession 2 includes the upper Thackaringa Group (Himalaya Formation), the Broken Hill Group and the Sundown Group and was deposited between 1710 and 1660 Ma. These rocks all contain detrital zircons from the first magmatic event (1710–1700 Ma) and in some cases from the second magmatic event (1690–1680 Ma). The second magmatic event (1690–1680 Ma) was bimodal, resulted from crustal extension, and was coeval with deposition of the Broken Hill Group and deepening of the basin. With this event a mafic sill swarm focused in the Broken Hill Domain. Mafic sills lack any trace of inheritance, unlike the granitoids that commonly contain inherited zircons typical of the supracrustal sediments. Succession 3, the Paragon Group and equivalents were deposited after 1660 Ma, but before a regional metamorphic event at 1600 Ma. Metamorphism was closely followed by inversion of the succession into a fold‐and‐thrust belt, accompanied by a fourth late to post‐orogenic magmatic event (ca 1580 Ma) characterised by granite intrusion and regional acid volcanism (the local equivalents of the Gawler Range Volcanics in South Australia).  相似文献   

Early Proterozoic granitoids of the Olenek complex (northern Siberian craton): petrogenesis and geodynamic setting     

T.V. Donskaya  D.P. Gladkochub  A.M. Mazukabzov 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2018,59(3):226-237

The paper deals with geological and geochemical studies of granitoids of the Olenek complex in the Olenek uplift of the basement of the northern Siberian craton. The age of these granitoids was earlier estimated at 2036 ± 11 Ma. The granitoids of the Olenek complex correspond in composition to high-alumina quartz diorites, granites, and leucogranites of the normal petrochemical series. According to geochemical and mineralogical characteristics, the quartz diorites can be assigned to granites of the transitional I-S type, and the granites and leucogranites, to S-type granites. The 8_Nd(T values in the granites of the Olenek complex vary from -0.2 to + 1.4, and the Nd model age is 2.4-2.5 Ga. The quartz diorite is characterized by 8_Nd(T) = + 3.0 and a Nd model age T(DM) = 2.2 Ga. The geochemical characteristics of the granites and leucogranites indicate their formation through the melting of a source of graywacke composition, whereas the quartz diorites resulted, most likely, from the mixing of granitic and basaltic melts. The fact that the granitoids of the Olenek complex intruded the folded rocks of the Eekit Formation but stay virtually undeformed massive bodies suggests that they formed at the postdeformation stage of the regional evolution after the completion of the Paleoproterozoic orogenic events. The intrusion of granitoids marks the completion of the formation of the Early Proterozoic Eekit fold belt on the western (in the recent coordinates) margin of the Birekta terrane of the Olenek superterraine and the final formation of the superterrane structure. At the next stage of magmatism (1.98-1.96 Ga), best pronounced in the uplifts of the basement of the northern Siberian craton, all terranes forming the Anabar and Olenek superterranes assembled into a single structure.  相似文献   

辽西基性岩床年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义     

陈井胜  李斌  刘淼  赵辰  汪岩 《地质论评》2023,69(Z1):134-136

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