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1.
Modern reef (the Great Barrier Reef and Ryukyu Reef) distribution in the Indo-Pacific region is strongly controlled by warm currents (East Australian and Kuroshio Currents) that radiate from the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool. The modern distribution of reefs (south of 15°S) on the Western Australian shelf is related to the presence of the warm Leeuwin Current. However, the age of the reefs south of 15°S, and hence their temporal relationship to the Leeuwin Current, has been largely unknown. Seismic and subsurface stratigraphic data show that reef growth and expansion on the Northwest Shelf of Australia began in the Middle Pleistocene (∼0.5 Ma). The oldest ooids in the region are approximately synchronous with reef growth. We suggest a two stage process for the spread of reefs to higher latitudes on the Western Australian coast; first an increase in Leeuwin Current activity at approximately 1 Ma brought warm waters and a tropical biota to the region; and second, increased aridity after ∼0.6 Ma led to a decline in clastic input and increased alkalinity, triggering ooid formation and reef expansion to higher latitudes associated with the switch to higher amplitude glacio-eustatic cycles at the end of the Middle Pleistocene Transition. The timing and mechanisms for reef expansion south along the Western Australian coast has implications for the origin of the Eastern Australian Middle Pleistocene Great Barrier Reef, the New Caledonia Barrier Reef and Japanese Ryukyu Reef systems.  相似文献   
2.
Reconnaissance seismic shot in 1971/72 showed a number of well defined seismic anomalies within the East Sengkang Basin which were interpreted as buried reefs. Subsequent fieldwork revealed that Upper Miocene reefs outcropped along the southern margin of the basin. A drilling programme in 1975 and 1976 proved the presence of shallow, gas-bearing, Upper Miocene reefs in the northern part of the basin. Seismic acquisition and drilling during 1981 confirmed the economic significance of these discoveries, with four separate accumulations containing about 750 × 109 cubic feet of dry gas in place at an average depth of 700 m. Kampung Baru is the largest field and contains over half the total, both reservoir quality and gas deliverability are excellent. Deposition in the East Sengkang Basin probably started during the Early Miocene. A sequence of Lower Miocene mudstones and limestones unconformably overlies acoustic basement which consists of Eocene volcanics. During the tectonically active Middle Miocene, deposition was interrupted by two periods of deformation and erosion. Carbonate deposition became established in the Late Miocene with widespread development of platform limestones throughout the East Sengkang Basin. Thick pinnacle reef complexes developed in the areas where reef growth could keep pace with the relative rise in sea level. Most reef growth ceased at the end of the Miocene and subsequent renewed clastic sedimentation covered the irregular limestone surface. Late Pliocene regression culminated in the Holocene with erosion. The Walanae fault zone, part of a major regional sinistral strike-slip system, separates the East and West Sengkang Basins. Both normal and reverse faulting are inferred from seismic data and post Late Pliocene reverse faulting is seen in outcrop.  相似文献   
3.
本文讨论了钙质海绵化石主要类别的基本特征,归纳了它们在中国南方二叠纪生物礁中的分布,对于不同地区的钙质海绵动物群进行了综合分析,并在此基础上开展了古生态讨论,初步揭示了钙质海绵在生物礁形成中的作用及其与礁体发育、消亡的相互关系。  相似文献   
4.
贵州紫云二叠纪生物礁的胶结作用   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
应用岩石学和地球化学方法研究了中国西南地区发育最好的紫云二叠纪生物礁组合的胶结作用,识别出七种胶结物类型,详细描述了它们的岩石学及地球化学特征,探讨了礁组合的胶结作用史。  相似文献   
5.
右江盆地二叠纪生物礁层序地层学研究   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12       下载免费PDF全文
覃建雄  曾允孚 《地质科学》1999,34(4):506-517
通过右江盆地二叠纪生物礁层序地层研究表明,在海平面升降旋回的各个时期,均有生物礁的发育,并呈现各自特征的层序内部构型及成因格架。低水位礁仅发育于台盆背景,以加积丘礁或点礁为特色,常与混屑浊积岩、硅灰岩、硅泥岩共生;陆棚边缘礁发育于台盆和斜坡背景,与低水位期的相比,礁体较大,数量较多,因为该期相对稳定的底质和水动力条件对生物礁的萌生更具诱导作用;海侵期表现为伴随海平面向陆超覆而形成的向陆年轻化的海侵型台盆礁、斜坡礁、台缘礁、台内礁组合,具加积-退积型堆积序列,礁顶发育硬底、生物挠动面、海底熔蚀面、淹没面、水下中止面等,礁盖包括硅岩、火山碎屑浊积岩、放射虫岩、骨针岩、深水遗迹相、生物密集层、浮游相灰岩、含锰磷酸盐灰泥岩等,生长方式主要是追补式和中止式,以宝塔礁、链状礁、点礁为主;高水位礁以进积礁、加积礁和混积礁组合为特征,广泛发育于台内、台缘、斜坡、台盆等环境,具向上变浅序列,礁顶发育暴露面、岩溶面、冲刷侵蚀面、钙化壳、白云岩帽等,礁盖主要有残积相、潮坪相、浊积相、丘滩相等,规模大、分布广,以堤礁、环礁、马蹄形礁为主。  相似文献   
6.
The HadISST1 sea surface temperature data set is examined for two contrasting areas: the Chagos Archipelago, central Indian Ocean which has a small (approximately 3 degrees C) annual temperature fluctuation, and Abu Dhabi in the southern Arabian Gulf whose annual air temperature fluctuation of approximately 24 degrees C is the largest known for coral reef habitats. The HadISST1 data are shown to match air temperature records closely, both in terms of annual moving averages and residual analysis. Temperatures in 1998 caused massive mortality of corals in the Indian Ocean: sea surface temperature (SST) values causing this were 33.8 degrees C in the Arabian Gulf at a time when average daily air temperature was over 40 degrees C, while in Chagos the SST lethal to corals was 29.8-29.9 degrees C, when air temperatures peaked at about 31 degrees C. The HadISST1 record was searched back to 1870 for previous abnormal peaks: one of 29.7 degrees C was found for Chagos SST in 1972, though this did not cause coral mortality. Analysis of 12-month running means of the residuals from the annual cycle show that, between 1870 and 1999, the largest SST deviations occurred between October 1997 and May 1998 in Chagos and between August 1998 and July 1999 near Abu Dhabi. The event of 1998-1999 was the largest in these regions for at least 130 years. SSTs have risen over the last three decades at rates of about 0.22 degrees or 0.23 degrees per decade in both locations.  相似文献   
7.
Estimations of surface lowering of 0.2-3.8 mm a?1 were gained from measurements of pedestal heights under sedentary organisms. The role of erosion by chitons, estimated at 0.2-2.9 mm a?1 for home scars and 0.2-0.7 mm a?1 for grazing, and other bioerosive organisms, is briefly discussed.  相似文献   
8.
柴达木盆地西部跃进二号构造下干柴沟组上段(E32)发育了湖相生物礁,主要有由基质支撑的藻叠层石礁和骨架生物礁2种类型。生物礁孔隙非常发育,是该区的优质储层。对跃西4井生物礁储层物性进行了重点测试,其孔隙度平均26.1%,渗透率平均达97.2×10-3μm2。孔隙类型主要有:粒间孔隙、骨架孔隙、体腔孔隙、粒内孔隙以及溶孔和溶洞。生物礁的地震响应和测井曲线特征明显,结合岩心和录井资料可以有效地识别和预测生物礁。生物礁的形成除了生物因素以外,还会受到古气候、古纬度、古水动力、古水介质条件以及陆源碎屑等的影响;同时,它的发育受大地构造、湖底地形的控制。生物礁的发现对于青海油田油气勘探与开发具重要的现实意义。  相似文献   
9.
宜昌地区下奥陶统主要为一套台地相碳酸盐沉积,间夹页岩,其中的特征沉积为发育有较多的生物礁。造礁生物主要有海绵类、瓶筐石类、有柄棘皮类、苔藓虫及蓝细菌和Pulchrilamina等。在下奥陶统含礁层系中识别出四种生物相:(1)壳类生物相:发育有Tritoechia-Pelmatozans群落和Tritoechia-Pomatotrema群落;(2)礁生物相:包括Batostoma群落、Calathium--Archaeoscyphia群落、Pelmatozoans--Batostoma群落、Archeoscyphia群落和Calathium--Cyanobacteria群落;(3)静水生物相:发育有Acanthograptus--Dendrogptus群落和Yichangopora群落;(4)异地生物相:产有异地埋藏群,即Nanorthis--Psilocephlina埋藏群。含礁层系存在四个海平面变化旋回,生物礁的发育明显受海平面的升降速率与容纳空间增长速率的控制。生物礁多形成于高海平面时期。由于本区的海平面在上升过程中存在多个次一级旋回,致使生物礁具有数量多、分布广以及厚度薄和规模小等特点。造礁群落存在着演替和取代两种形式,前者有利于生物礁的发育,后者则表现为礁体的衰亡。  相似文献   
10.
1 IntroductionSynthetic aperture radar (SAR) is one of theadvanced microwave remote sensors of environmentand resource. It can observe targets in all weathersand all day and night in a multi-band, multi-polari-zation and multi-look angle mode. SAR has bee…  相似文献   
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