The effect of varied dam release mechanisms and storage volume on downstream river thermal regimes     

《Limnologica》2020

Temperature plays an essential role in the ecology and biology of aquatic ecosystems. The use of dams to store and subsequently re-regulate river flows can have a negative impact on the natural thermal regime of rivers, causing thermal pollution of downstream river ecosystems. Autonomous thermal loggers were used to measure temperature changes downstream of a large dam on the Macquarie River, in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin to quantify the effect of release mechanisms and dam storage volume on the downstream thermal regime. The magnitude of thermal pollution in the downstream river was affected by different release mechanisms, including bottom-level outlet releases, a thermal curtain (which draws water from above the hypolimnion), and spill-way release. Dam storage volume was linked to the magnitude of thermal pollution downstream; high storage volumes were related to severe thermal suppressions, with an approximate 10 °C difference occurring when water originated from high and low storage volumes. Downstream temperatures were 8 ̶ 10 °C higher when surface releases were used via a thermal curtain and the spillway to mitigate cold water pollution that frequently occurs in the river. Demonstrating the effectiveness of engineering and operational strategies used to mitigate cold water pollution highlight their potential contribution to fish conservation, threatened species recovery and environmental remediation of aquatic ecosystems.  相似文献   

热扩散驱动的元素分异和同位素分馏:一种不容忽视的硅酸盐成分分异机制     

常翱飞  丁兴 《岩石学报》2020,36(1):99-112

热扩散在地质过程中是否发挥重要作用一直存有争议。本文回顾了热扩散的研究历史和现状,重点总结了热扩散驱动的元素和同位素行为规律,并探讨了温度、硅酸盐组分、压力和氧逸度等因素对热扩散行为的影响。已有的研究表明,稳定热梯度下的硅酸盐热扩散效应类似于结晶分异或AFC过程,可以造成轻、重同位素分别在高温端和低温端富集,而主、微量元素的扩散方向则取决于两端化学势的高低和熔体中的电价平衡。从基性岩浆到酸性岩浆,熔体聚合度增大,黏度增加,热扩散速率明显降低,成网元素的热扩散效应减弱,变网元素则反之;水、氟、氯和硫化氢等挥发组分能增加熔体的非桥氧比例,降低熔体聚合度,因而能显著增强硅酸盐熔体中元素和同位素的热扩散效应。在此基础上,本文提出了当前硅酸盐体系热扩散研究中存在的五个亟需解决的问题,即:1)对不同硅酸盐体系的热扩散规律的研究还不够全面;2)对微量元素的热扩散行为认识不足;3)硅酸盐体系热扩散作用的影响因素及尺度还不够明确;4)热扩散作用的地质与地球化学关键识别标志有待确立;5)硅酸盐体系热扩散作用的理论模型有待建立。尽管硅酸盐体系热扩散的研究还存在诸多不足,但越来越多的证据表明,热扩散是地质过程中不容忽视的一种成分分异机制。这种机制会造成岩浆房或岩浆通道中的元素分异和同位素分馏,可能对于一些成分分异的岩石和矿床的形成具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

贺兰山构造带及邻区中-新生代构造事件:来自不整合面和裂变径迹的约束   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

马静辉  何登发 《岩石学报》2019,35(4):1121-1142

贺兰山构造带及邻区的构造属性长期以来存在争议,确定该地区中新生代的构造事件及隆升过程是了解这一重要陆内变形带动力学机制的关键所在。本文采用不整合面分析法和低温热年代学方法,综合分析探讨了贺兰山构造带及邻区中新生代的构造事件及其构造演化过程。通过对该地区的野外地质调查,本次在中-新生代地层中由底到顶识别出6个不同类型的不整合面,它们分别是:(1) T_(2-3)/P平行不整合面;(2) J/AnJ角度不整合面-微角度不整合面;(3) K_1/AnK_1高角度不整合面;(4) E_3q/AnE_3;(5) N_1/AnN_1;(6) Q/An Q。在T_3d~3、J_2y和K_1变形前锋,可见与逆冲-褶皱造山带相关的同构造沉积生长地层,其在形态上表现为超覆、削截,在黄草滩等地局部与倒转背斜相伴生。这些不整合和生长地层是构造活动的直接证据。本次研究对采自该地区的12件样品分别进行了磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹测年及热史模拟分析。结果表明,裂变径迹年龄主要分布在4个区间,对应地质时代分别为中侏罗世-晚侏罗世(168～159Ma)、早白垩世末(139～91Ma)、晚白垩世末(79～66Ma)、始新世(59～50Ma),反映出该地区在这4个时期发生了明显的冷却抬升事件,且这4期构造事件与野外观察到的地质特征有很好的地质响应。同时,热史模拟表明该地区整体上经历了晚侏罗世、早白垩世、晚白垩世末-始新世3期快速隆升事件。综合研究表明,该地区主体逆冲褶皱的时间是从中侏罗世开始,早白垩世末构造运动最强烈,新生代又有所活动。  相似文献   

The Yamato-type (CY) carbonaceous chondrite group: Analogues for the surface of asteroid Ryugu?     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2019,79(4):125531

We report new mineralogical, petrographic and noble gas analyses of the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites Y-82162 (C1/2_ung), Y-980115 (CI1), Y-86029 (CI1), Y-86720 (C2_ung), Y-86789 (C2_ung), and B-7904 (C2_ung). Combining our results with literature data we show that these meteorites experienced varying degrees of aqueous alteration followed by short-lived thermal metamorphism at temperatures of >500 °C. These meteorites have similar mineralogy, textures and chemical characteristics suggesting that they are genetically related, and we strongly support the conclusion of Ikeda (1992) that they form a distinct group, the CYs (“Yamato-type”). The CY chondrites have the heaviest oxygen isotopic compositions (δ¹⁷O ˜12‰, δ¹⁸O ˜22‰) of any meteorite group, high abundances of Fe-sulphides (˜10 ‒ 30 vol%) and phosphates, and contain large grains of periclase and unusual objects of secondary minerals not reported in other carbonaceous chondrites. These features cannot be attributed to parent body processes alone, and indicate that the CYs had a different starting mineralogy and/or alteration history to other chondrite groups, perhaps because they formed in a different region of the protoplanetary disk. The short cosmic-ray exposure ages (≤1.3 Ma) of the CY chondrites suggest that they are derived from a near-Earth source, with recent observations by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft highlighting a possible link to the rubble-pile asteroid Ryugu.  相似文献   

A helium stratified and ingassed lower mantle: resolving the helium paradoxes     

Honggang Zhu  Xuefang Li  Yingkui Xu 《Acta Geochimica》2020,(1):4-10

It is generally believed a variation of 3He/4He isotopic ratios in the mantle is due to only the decay of U and Th,which produces4 He as well as heat.Here we show that not only3He/4He isotopic ratios but also helium contents can be fractionated by thermal diffusion in the lower mantle.The driving force for that fractionation is the adiabatic or convective temperature gradient,which always produces elemental and isotopic fractionation along temperature gradient by thermal diffusion with higher light/heavy isotopic ratio in the hot end.Our theoretical model and calculations indicate that the lower mantle is helium stratified,caused by thermal diffusion due to*400℃temperature contrast across the lower mantle.The highest3He/4He isotopic ratios and lowest He contents are in the lowermost mantle,which is a consequence of thermaldiffusion fractionation rather than the lower mantle is a primordial and undegassed reservoir.Therefore,oceanicisland basalts derived from the deepest lower mantle with high3He/4He isotopic ratios and less He contents—the long-standing helium paradox,is solved by our model.Because vigorous convection in the upper mantle had resulted in disordered or disorganized thermal-diffusion effects in He,Mid-ocean ridge basalts unaffected by mantle plume have a relatively homogenous and lower!3He/4He isotopic compositions.Our model also predicts that 3He/4He isotopic ratios in the deepest lower mantle of early Earth could be even higher than that of Jupiter,the initial He isotopic ratio in our solar system,because the temperature contrast across the lower mantle in the early Earth is the largest and less4 He had been produced by the decay of U and Th.Moreover,the early helium-stratified lower mantle owned the lowest He contents due to over-degassing caused by the largest temperature contrast.Consequently,succeeding evolution of the lower mantle is a He ingassed process due to secular cooling of the deepest mantle.This explains why significant amount of He produced by the decay of U and Th in the lower mantle were not released,another long-standing heat–helium paradox.  相似文献   

2013年甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震前热红外异常分析     

蔡丽雯  李戈云 《高原地震》2014,26(4):5-9

应用中国静止气象卫星FY-2E红外遥感资料对2013年甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震前的热红外异常信息进行研究,结果表明：由地震黑体辐射热异常时空演化图分析知,中强地震前,往往会有较大范围的热异常演变,热异常大面积沿断层分布,震中位置往往位于边界或热异常变化最大处.对比实时的长波辐射涡度场变化,能更好的对应未来地震的发震区域,涡度异常经常分布在震中边界.  相似文献   

流变边界层及其对华北克拉通热/地震岩石圈底界差异的意义   总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

何丽娟 《地球物理学报》2014,57(1):53-61

二维热传导/对流数值模型显示，纯传导的固体岩石圈与纯对流的流体软流圈之间存在一过渡层，即流变边界层，其间传导与对流共同作用来传递热量.流变边界层厚度主要由软流圈黏性系数（η）控制，而受固体岩石圈厚度及热状态影响很小.随着η从1×10²¹Pa·s降低至1×10¹⁹ Pa·s，流变边界层也随之减薄，流变边界层的厚度与lg（η）成正比. 流变边界层的存在是造成热岩石圈与地震岩石圈厚度差异的重要因素. 全球典型克拉通岩石圈的对比结果表明，地震岩石圈厚度普遍大于热岩石圈厚度，二者的差异多数在70~90 km，很好地验证了流变边界层的存在. 研究发现二者的差异在华北克拉通自西向东逐渐减小：由西部鄂尔多斯的约80 km减少至渤海湾盆地的约20 km. 反映出华北克拉通岩石圈下部流变边界层厚度自西向东减薄，意味着软流圈黏性系数自西向东逐渐降低.这可能与中生代太平洋俯冲脱水形成的低黏大地幔楔有关，从一侧面印证了太平洋俯冲对华北克拉通破坏的影响.  相似文献   

Geology and mineralization of the Sanshandao supergiant gold deposit (1200 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula,China: A review     

《China Geology》2021,4(4):686-719

The Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong Province, China is the world’s third-largest gold metallogenic area, with cumulative proven gold resources exceeding 5000 t. Over the past few years, breakthroughs have been made in deep prospecting at a depth of 500–2000 m, particularly in the Sanshandao area where a huge deep gold orebody was identified. Based on previous studies and the latest prospecting progress achieved by the project team of this study, the following results are summarized. (1) 3D geological modeling results based on deep drilling core data reveal that the Sanshandao gold orefield, which was previously considered to consist of several independent deposits, is a supergiant deposit with gold resources of more than 1200 t (including 470 t under the sea area). The length of the major orebody is nearly 8 km, with a greatest depth of 2312 m below sea level and a maximum length of more than 3 km along their dip direction. (2) Thick gold orebodies in the Sanshandao gold deposit mainly occur in the specific sections of the ore-controlling fault where the fault plane changes from steeply to gently inclined, forming a stepped metallogenic model from shallow to deep level. The reason for this strong structural control on mineralization forms is that when ore-forming fluids migrated along faults, the pressure of fluids greatly fluctuated in fault sections where the fault dip angle changed. Since the solubility of gold in the ore-forming fluid is sensitive to fluid pressure, these sections along the fault plane serve as the target areas for deep prospecting. (3) Thermal uplifting-extensional structures provide thermodynamic conditions, migration pathways, and deposition spaces for gold mineralization. Meanwhile, the changes in mantle properties induced the transformation of the geochemical properties of the lower crust and magmatic rocks. This further led to the reactivation of ore-forming elements, which provided rich materials for gold mineralization. (4) It can be concluded from previous research results that the gold mineralization in the Jiaodong gold deposits occurred at about 120 Ma, which was superimposed by nonferrous metals mineralization at 118–111 Ma. The fluids were dominated by primary mantle water or magmatic water. Metamorphic water occurred in the early stage of the gold mineralization, while the fluid composition was dominated by meteoric water in the late stage. The S, Pb, and Sr isotopic compositions of the ores are similar to those of ore-hosting rocks, indicating that the ore-forming materials mainly derive from crustal materials, with the minor addition of mantle-derived materials. The gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula were formed in an extensional tectonic environment during the transformation of the physical and chemical properties of the lithospheric mantle, which is different from typical orogenic gold deposits. Thus, it is proposed that they are named “Jiaodong-type” gold deposits.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

2017年6月一次华南沿海强降水的对流性特征及热动力机制研究          下载免费PDF全文

曾智琳  谌芸  朱克云 《大气科学》2019,43(6):1295-1312

在华南北部或长江流域有锋面雨带活动时,华南沿海常常会出现对流性强降水,突发性很强,给预报造成很大的困惑。文章采用多种观测资料、ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°逐6 h再分析资料,对2017年6月15～16日华南北部的锋面雨带及沿海强降雨过程开展分析,对比了二者降水特征与环境条件,重点探讨了该次过程华南沿海强降雨的对流触发与维持,揭示了一种由边界层风切变强迫造成涡度持续发展的动力效应。结果表明:（1）锋面雨带与华南沿海强降雨在降水特征上有显著差异,并各有特点。锋面雨带以大尺度层状云降水和弱对流性降水为主,降水强度东段弱西段强。沿海强降雨以对流性降水为主,局地性强、落区集中、强降雨持续时间长、夜发性明显。（2）水汽方程诊断发现沿海强降雨在边界层水平水汽平流项、垂直水汽输送项比锋面雨带东段具有更大量级,大气层结反映出更深厚的暖层、湿层与对流不稳定,是二者降水强度及性质差异的主要原因。（3）莲花山、峨眉嶂造成气流侧向摩擦与正面阻挡促使漯河河谷内垂直涡度发展,暖湿空气堆积上升并达到自由对流高度,触发了华南沿海最初的降水。夜间建立的西南风急流使边界层垂直风速切变增强,水平涡度倾斜部分转化为垂直涡度发展,与风速水平切变造成的垂直涡度叠加,是强降雨持续时间长的动力机制。海陆边界摩擦差异造成水平、垂直两个方向的风切变增强,共同强迫垂直涡度发展是此次强降雨过程对流维持的动力效应。（4）方程诊断表明华南沿海强降雨由对流潜热释放造成的垂直上升速度占总垂直上升速度的39%～75%,持续、稳定的对流潜热释放是强降雨持续时间长的热力驱动因素。  相似文献   

兰坪盆地大龙现代热泉锌多金属喷流-沉积成矿     

尹静  薛传东  邱文龙  尹光候 《云南地质》2011,30(3):376-380

大龙现代热泉是沿沘江断裂带分布的众多温泉之一,其喷流-沉积成矿作用较为直观地展示了热泉堆积泉华成矿过程,佐证了新生代在兰坪盆地热泉成矿的可能性和普遍性。热泉"热循环"作用形成三种成矿模式:喷出贯入陷沟和湖泊形成致密块状、角砾状矿体——兰坪"金顶式"Pb-Zn矿床;于构造带中沿一系列构造界面形成脉状矿体——兰坪"白秧坪式"Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿床;喷流的地表沟谷形成热泉型——云龙"大龙式"Ag-Pb-Zn多金属矿床(低品位)。  相似文献