A critical zone observatory dedicated to suspended sediment transport: The meso-scale Galabre catchment (southern French Alps)     

Cédric Legout  Guilhem Freche  Romain Biron  Michel Esteves  Oldrich Navratil  Guillaume Nord  Magdalena Uber  Thomas Grangeon  Nico Hachgenei  Brice Boudevillain  Céline Voiron  Lorenzo Spadini 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14084

The 20 km² Galabre catchment belongs to the French network of critical zone observatories (OZCAR; Gaillardet et al., Vadose Zone Journal, 2018, 17(1), 1–24). It is representative of the sedimentary lithology and meteorological forcing found in Mediterranean and mountainous areas. Due to the presence of highly erodible and sloping badlands on various lithologies, the site was instrumented in 2007 to understand the dynamics of suspended sediments (SS) in such areas. Two meteorological stations including measurements of air temperature, wind speed and direction, air moisture, rainfall intensity, raindrop size and velocity distribution were installed both in the upper and lower part of the catchment. At the catchment outlet, a gauging station records the water level, temperature and turbidity (10 min time-step). Stream water samples are collected automatically to estimate SS concentration-turbidity relationships, allowing quantification of SS fluxes with known uncertainty. The sediment samples are further characterized by measuring their particle size distributions and by applying a low-cost sediment fingerprinting approach using spectrocolorimetric tracers. Thus, the contributions of badlands located on different lithologies to total SS flux are quantified at a high temporal resolution, providing the opportunity to better analyse the links between meteorological forcing variability and watershed hydrosedimentary response. The set of measurements was extended to the dissolved phase in 2017. Both stream water electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations are measured each week and every 3 h during storm events. This extension of measurements to the dissolved phase will allow progress in understanding both the origin of the water during the events and the partitioning between particulate and dissolved fluxes of solutes in the critical zone. All data sets are available at https://doi.osug.fr/public/DRAIXBLEONE_GAL/index.html .  相似文献   

Origin of sulphate in the unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer     

Yin Long  Tianming Huang  Fen Zhang  Zhenbin Li  Baoqiang Ma  Yiman Li  Zhonghe Pang 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14166

The use of the sulphate mass balance (SMB) between precipitation and soil water as a supplementary method to estimate the diffuse recharge rate assumes that the sulphate in soil water originated entirely from atmospheric deposition; however, the origin of sulphate in soil and groundwater is often unclear, especially in loess aquifers. This study analysed the sulphur (δ³⁴S-SO₄) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O-SO₄) isotopes of sulphate in precipitation, water-extractable soil water, and shallow groundwater samples and used these data along with hydrochemical data to determine the sources of sulphate in the thick unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer. The results suggest that sulphate in groundwater mainly originated from old precipitation. When precipitation percolates through the unsaturated zone to recharge groundwater, sulphates were rarely dissolved due to the formation of CaCO₃ film on the surface of sulphate minerals. The water-extractable sulphate in the deep unsaturated zone (>10 m) was mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporite minerals and there was no oxidation of sulphide minerals during the extraction of soil water by elutriating soil samples with deionized water. The water-extractable concentration of SO₄ was not representative of the actual SO₄ concentration in mobile soil water. Therefore, the recharge rate cannot be estimated by the SMB method using the water-extractable concentration of SO₄ in the loess areas. This study is important for identifying sulphate sources and clarifying the proper method for estimating the recharge rate in loess aquifers.  相似文献   

Drying increases organic colloidal mobilization in the karst vadose zone: Evidence from a 15-year cave-monitoring study     

Jin Liao  Chaoyong Hu  Xiuli Li  Jiaoyang Ruan 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14163

Understanding the hydrological processes of colloids within the karst vadose zone is vital to the security of karst groundwater and providing appropriate paleohydrological explanations of colloid-facilitated metals in speleothem. This study addresses the mobilization mechanisms driving colloidal organic matter (COM) transport in the karst vadose zone using a 15-year long monthly monitoring dataset from a cave drip point (HS4) in Heshang Cave, Qingjiang Valley, China. Variations in COM concentrations were reported as the fluorescence difference values of raw and filtered (<0.22 μm) samples at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission wavelength of ~400 nm. A fluorescence humification index (HIX) lower than 0.8 and an autochthonous index (BIX) higher than 1.2 indicated that the origin of COM was mainly from the karst vadose zone, rather than the soil zone. The COM concentration varied from 0.001 to 0.038 Raman Unit (RU), with evident seasonal fluctuations. Rising limbs for COM values occurred prior to rising limbs within a dripwater hydrograph; moreover, the COM peak values corresponding to the beginning of the increasing hydrograph generally suggested that the mobilization of COM reflected the movement of the air–water interface (AWI) in the karst vadose zone rather than rainfall intensity or flow velocity. COM peak values were positively correlated with the antecedent drying duration and negatively correlated with HIX values. These phenomena may be explained by the increased amount of organic matter that was aggregated and absorbed on the surface of carbonate in the karst vadose zone during a longer drying duration. Moreover, the longer drying duration was also beneficial to autochthonous biological activity, which subsequently decreased the HIX value of the organic matter in the karst vadose zone. The movement of AWI and the drying duration are both controlled by the outside weather conditions. This study is therefore conducive to evaluating the security of karst groundwater in response to climate change, and challenges prevailing paleoclimate interpretations of colloid-facilitated metal abundance timeseries reported from speleothems.  相似文献   

辽东铀成矿带连山关地区韧性剪切带与铀成矿作用     

吴迪  刘永江  李伟民  常瑞虹 《岩石学报》2020,36(8):2571-2588

连山关地区位于华北克拉通北缘铀成矿省辽东铀成矿带，已知铀矿床（点）均发育在韧性剪切带附近。为了解韧性剪切带运动学、几何学构造变形机制及与铀矿的关系，本文以连山关岩体周缘韧性剪切带为研究对象，通过野外宏观调查和室内微观研究相结合的研究方法，探讨构造变形期次、韧性剪切带形成机理及其对铀成矿的控制作用。研究表明：连山关岩体周缘发育的韧性剪切带与近南北向挤压构造变形有关，其右行韧性剪切带应变类型为压扁应变，属于一般压缩-平面应变范围，Flinn指数K值在0.19~0.69之间，岩石类型属于S/SL型构造岩。研究区内铀矿体均为隐伏盲矿体，主要赋存于沿着连山关岩体和辽河群接触带右行剪切作用形成的背斜褶皱核部，和北东东向断裂关系密切。综合分析认为，连山关岩体南缘北西向韧性剪切带为一级控矿构造，是区内铀矿热液运移的通道，而剪切带边部的晚期北东东向断裂则是铀矿储存空间；铀源可能来自于太古宙古风化壳，并在大型韧性剪切活动（提供热液运移通道）和基性脉岩侵入（提供热源和还原剂）等综合因素作用下运移、富集成矿。  相似文献   

Conversion relationship of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater in Quaternary thick cohesive soil in Jianghan Plain,Hubei Province,China     

《China Geology》2020,3(3):462-472

The scientific field test site of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater conversion in Dabie Mountain Area–Jianghan Plain is located in the northern region of the Jianghan Plain, the transition zone between the Dabie Mountain Area and Jianghan Plain. It’s a great field test site to study the material and energy exchange among rainfall, soil moisture, and groundwater of the Earth ’s critical zone in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas. This paper analyzed the connection between rainfall and volume water content (VWC) of soil at different depths of several soil profiles, and the dynamic feature of groundwater was discussed, which reveals the rainfall infiltration recharge of Quaternary Upper Pleistocene strata. The results show that the Quaternary Upper Pleistocene aquifer groundwater accepts a little direct rainfall recharge, while the lateral recharge is the main supplement source. There were 75 effective rainfall events among 120 rainfall events during the monitoring period, with an accumulated amount of 672.9 mm, and the percentages of effective rainfall amount and duration time were 62.50% and 91.56%, respectively. The max evaporation depth at the upper part in Quaternary cohesive soil was no less than 1.4 m. The soil profile was divided into four zones: (1) The sensitive zone of rainfall infiltration within 1.4 m, where the material and energy exchange frequently near the interface between atmosphere and soil; (2) the buffer zone of rainfall infiltration between 1.4 m and 3.5 m; (3) the migration zone of rainfall infiltration between 3.5 m and 5.0 m; and (4) the rainfall infiltration and groundwater level co-influenced zone below 5.0 m. The results revealed the reaction of soil moisture and groundwater to rainfall in the area covered by cohesive soil under humid climate in Earth ’s critical zone, which is of great theoretical and practical significance for groundwater resources evaluation and development, groundwater environmental protection, ecological environmental improvement, drought disaster prevention, and flood disaster prevention in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas.  相似文献   

中-哈-吉-乌天山变形带容矿金矿床:成矿环境和控矿要素与找矿标志     

薛春纪  赵晓波  赵伟策  赵云  张国震  Bakhtiar NURTAEV  Nikolay PAK  莫宣学 《地学前缘》2020,27(2):294-319

天山是全球第二大金矿富集区,世界级和大型-超大型金矿床东西成带横贯中国新疆中部—哈萨克斯坦东南部—吉尔吉斯斯坦—乌兹别克斯坦,构成巨型跨境金成矿带。天山巨型跨境金成矿带和重要金矿床形成的地质环境、成矿的控制要素、找矿勘查的标志都是学术界和工业界高度关注的重大地质和找矿问题。通过广泛、深入地文献调研和境内外天山较全面野外地质矿产调查与研究,本文认为中-哈-吉-乌天山大规模金成矿主体形成于晚石炭世—早二叠世古亚洲洋闭合后的陆块拼贴变形过程,部分形成于中—晚二叠世陆内走滑变形过程。中天山南、北缘古缝合带及其附近的大型脆性/韧-脆性变形带是巨量金成矿的关键控制因素,多期叠加复合成矿是天山变形带容矿金矿床的显著特征。地壳初始富集、构造变形活化、岩浆热液叠加是天山变形带容矿金矿床的主控因素。“碳质细碎屑岩+脆韧性变形带+海西末期岩体”是中-哈-吉-乌天山变形带容矿大型-超大型金矿的找矿标志组合。  相似文献   

东海盆地中、新生代盆架结构与构造演化   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

刘金水  许怀智  蒋一鸣  王军  何新建 《地质学报》2020,94(3):675-691

基于地貌、钻井、岩石测年和地震等资料,分析盆地地层分布、盆架结构、构造单元划分和裂陷迁移规律,结果表明东海盆地由台北坳陷、舟山隆起、浙东坳陷、钓鱼岛隆褶带和冲绳坳陷构成,是以新生代沉积为主、中生代沉积为辅的大型中、新生代叠合含油气盆地;古元古代变质岩系构成了盆地的基底。该盆地不仅是印度-太平洋前后相继的动力体系作用下形成的西太平洋沟-弧-盆构造体系域一部分,而且也是古亚洲洋动力体系作用下形成的古亚洲洋构造域和特提斯洋动力体系作用下形成的特提斯洋构造域一部分,晚侏罗世至早白垩世经历了构造体制转换,盆地格局发生重大变革,早白垩世以前主要受古亚洲-特提斯洋构造体制影响的强烈挤压造山和地壳增厚作用演变为早白垩世以来主要受太平洋构造体制控制的陆缘伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄作用,经历侏罗纪古亚洲-特提斯构造体制大陆边缘拗陷和白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制弧后裂陷两大演化阶段。白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制的弧后裂陷演化阶段可细分为早白垩世至始新世裂陷期、渐新世至晚中新世拗陷期和中新世末至全新世裂陷期。  相似文献   

闽中南平—宁化构造带南华纪陆缘弧岩浆活动：对武夷造山带构造演化的新启示     

姜杨  赵希林  李龙明  潘桂棠  徐敏成  黄文成  刘欢 《中国地质》2020,47(4):1010-1024

南平—宁化构造带沿线出露着以万全岩群和楼前组、西溪组等为代表的一系列新元古代火山-沉积岩系。系统的岩石学、年代学和地球化学研究表明,福建明溪和江西瑞金地区的楼前组浅变质英安岩和晶屑凝灰岩分别形成于(729±4)Ma和(735±6.7)Ma(LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法),SiO2含量变化在65.22%～74.54%,相对富Al2O3(11.05%～16.80%)富碱(Na2O+K2O=4.88%～10.19%)而贫CaO、MgO和FeOT,ANK值和A/CNK值分别为1.23～1.78和0.98～1.57,Nb/Ta=12.44～17.28,Nd/Th=2.07～3.51,Ti/Zr=6.08～10.37,Ti/Y=68.51～154.71,属过铝质S型火山岩;明显富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、Rb等)而亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti、P等),Zr/Nb=16.65～24.07,Th/Ta=12.94～16.93,δEu呈现明显负异常(0.33～0.62),显示岛弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。综合区域地质资料及前人研究结果提出,南平—宁化一线在713 Ma前为活动大陆边缘环境,洋壳俯冲引发的岩浆活动形成了沿南平—宁化—瑞金一线展布的陆缘弧中酸性火山岩带,暗示此时南、北武夷之间尚未拼合形成统一的武夷地块,因而华夏地块不存在统一的前南华纪结晶基底。  相似文献   

三峡库区龙门寨危岩体崩塌产生涌浪研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郑嘉豪  黄波林  张全  赵海林  冯万里  王健  陈小婷 《地质力学学报》2020,26(4):533-543

长江两岸高耸的危岩体对航道、沿岸居民带来巨大安全隐患。大宁河属于长江一级支流，龙门寨危岩体位于大宁河上，距离巫山县城仅1 km。利用FLOW-3D软件，模拟了145 m、175 m两种水位工况下龙门寨危岩体崩塌产生涌浪过程和涌浪传播过程。模拟结果表明，涌浪在145 m水位工况下最大浪高约为17.9 m，175 m水位工况下最大浪高约为11.6 m；在巫山县的五个码头处，两种水位工况最大涌浪爬高分别约为10.9 m、3.8 m；根据涌浪高度，对大宁河进行危险分区，145 m水位工况下极高危险区长度约4.4 km，很高危险区长度约1.9 km；175 m水位工况下极高危险区长度约3.0 km，很高危险区长度约1.0 km。研究结果有助于防控龙门寨危岩体潜在涌浪灾害危害，保障大宁河航道和巫山县码头安全，同时也为三峡库区滑坡涌浪灾害提供了预警依据。   相似文献   

桂西北林旺金矿床构造控矿规律及成矿模式探讨     

张知春 《地质与勘探》2020,56(2):277-287

桂西北林旺金矿是近年来右江盆地新发现的卡林型金矿,位于乐业碳酸盐台地边缘乐业-浪全同生断裂带上。通过对矿区进行野外调查、岩矿鉴定并结合勘探成果进行综合研究,发现I号矿体群与断裂、褶皱的时空联系具有构造分带的特征,以F1断层为界,上盘褶皱鞍部发育石英杂砂岩夹粉砂质泥岩矿体,矿体近F1断层破碎带部位发育破碎的硅化构造岩带,F1下盘近破碎带部位发育强烈劈理化、炭化粉砂质泥岩带,指示矿区在印支期挤压过程中,石英杂砂岩顺着先存构造薄弱面以泥岩层为滑动系统,往上部逆冲并逐渐发生褶皱,产生许多张裂隙,成为成矿流体富集的场所。林旺金矿床是层滑-褶皱构造体系与成矿流体耦合作用的产物,分析了矿床构造成矿规律,提出了以层滑-褶皱运动机制为基础的成矿模式以及成矿远景。  相似文献