用日全食光谱探测太阳中低层大气对局部热动平衡的偏离          下载免费PDF全文

刘曦  屈中权  宋智明 《天文学报》2021,62(1):9-109

在太阳大气不同层次连续光谱中叠加有丰富的发射线或吸收线,对这些谱线轮廓进行反演分析可以探测太阳大气的化学成分和物理状态.太阳大气的色球及过渡区由于其密度低难以建立热动平衡,建立相应的大气模型需要采用非局部热动平衡(Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium,N-LTE)理论.根据相对偏离因子计算来研究太阳中低层大气偏离局部热动平衡(Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium,LTE)分布的情况.首先对日全食观测过程中得到色球和过渡区不同高度形成的两条光谱数据进行反演,得到确定观测谱线的参数信息,如连续谱源函数、谱线源函数、多普勒宽度和由此推出的等效动力学温度;根据这些反演出的谱线参量计算出二维视场内每个空间采样点偏离LTE状态的定量结果;其次,根据用于观测的积分视场单元光纤排布阵列重构出辐射强度、等效动力学温度和相对偏离因子二维分布.结果显示:在局部小区域,温度分布和相对偏离因子的分布存在较强相关性,而与辐射强度分布无明显相关.从两条谱线导出的等效温度和相对偏离因子分布存在明显的差异.这两种二维分布揭示出太阳大气某些小尺度区域具有较强的结构性和复杂性,为进一步理解太阳中低层大气物理提供了一种新的视角.  相似文献   

西南地区两次典型大暴雨环境场的对比分析          下载免费PDF全文

易升杰  郑飞  肖天贵 《气候与环境研究》2019,24(1):73-85

四川盆地位于青藏高原的东侧,受其地理位置的影响,该地区的天气和气候复杂多变。尤其暴雨预报,是气象工作者一直面临的难题。本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA-Interim再分析资料、格点化的降水资料（CN05.1）以及常规气象观测站探空资料,从环流背景、水汽条件、动力和热力条件对比分析了2015年夏季四川盆地7月13~15日（"7.13"过程）和8月16~18日（"8.16"过程）两次暴雨过程的环境场,以期加深对四川盆地暴雨机制的认识。结果表明:1）相对稳定的大尺度环流形势为两次大暴雨发生发展提供了有利的背景场。2）两次过程均存在明显的高空急流和低空急流,并且"8.16"过程高空急流明显强于"7.13"过程,这也是两次过程降水强度存在明显差异的原因之一。"7.13"过程主要以低空北向急流输送孟加拉湾水汽到四川南部;"8.16"过程低空急流输送孟加拉湾水汽受四川东北部、重庆上空西南涡影响,主要以气旋性环流输送水汽到暴雨上空。3）从暴雨预报的指示意义上分析,两次暴雨过程大气均处于不稳定状态,假相当位温对于暴雨的强度和落区有较好指示。位涡扰动向低层传输,位涡的增大预示着强降水的发生。  相似文献   

青藏高原大气热力异常对西风急流的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

单幸  周顺武  王美蓉  贲海荣  乔钰 《气象科学》2019,39(2):206-213

本文基于NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分析了对流层上层200 hPa纬向西风的时空变化特征,并通过EOF分解得到一个表征西风急流位置的指数(Westerly Jet Position Index,WJPI);同时基于对流层中上层(500～200 hPa)温度纬向偏差,构建了一个描述青藏高原(简称高原)大气热力特征的指标(Plateau Atmosphere Heating Index,PAHI),定量分析了该指数与西风急流位置的关系。结果表明:由冬到夏西风急流轴不断北抬西伸,风速逐渐减小;各季西风急流轴均处于西风变率的小值区,表明各季急流均轴的位置较稳定。各季PAHI与200 hPa纬向风的显著正相关区均分布在高原北侧,即高原PAHI增强时,其北侧西风增强,南侧西风减弱,对流层上层西风急流北移;各季WJPI与PAHI之间均存在显著相关,表明PAHI异常对西风急流位置的变化有重要作用。  相似文献   

2015年4月大气环流和天气分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

周康辉  方翀 《气象》2015,41(7):915-920

2015年4月环流特征如下：极涡为偶极型环流,极涡主体位于格陵兰西侧与加拿大之间,另一中心位于亚洲的东北部;两个极涡中心较常年平均偏低4~8 dagpm,乌拉尔山高压脊偏高8~12 dagpm;副热带高压面积偏大、西脊点偏西,南支槽位置与强度接近常年平均;4月全国平均气温11.6℃,较常年同期（11℃）偏高0.6℃;全国平均降水量43 mm,接近常年同期（44.7 mm）,我国中东部长江以北地区降水偏多,江南、华南降水偏少。4月全国强对流天气过程频发,1—4、19—20和28—29日出现了范围较大的强对流天气。北方地区出现2次沙尘天气。  相似文献   

基于自动观测的天气现象电码自动编制实现流程     

陈冬冬  王力  施丽娟  张鑫 《气象科技》2015,43(1):70-75

实现地面气象要素自动观测是近年来我国气象观测领域的发展趋势,观测自动化给地面观测业务和观测数据的应用推广带来较大改变。本文研究了基于自动观测的天气现象代码表WMO4680,分析得出WMO4680简化了视程障碍和降水阵性的代码分类,比WMO4677编码更适合自动观测设备的特点。结合我国业务天气现象电码编制原则,设计实现了现在天气现象电码和过去天气现象电码的自动编制。根据我国目前可自动化观测的要素数目,经过流程设计和当前最新业务改革内容,可以实现46个天气电码的自动编报。  相似文献   

Mesoscale dynamics and its application in torrential rainfall systems in China     

Shouting Gao  Zhemin Tan  Sixiong Zhao  Zhexian Luo  Hancheng Lu  Donghai Wang  Chunguang Cui  Xiaopeng Cui  Jianhua Sun 《大气科学进展》2015,32(2):192-205

Progress over the past decade in understanding moisture-driven dynamics and torrential rain storms in China is reviewed in this paper. First, advances in incorporating moisture effects more realistically into theory are described, including the development of a new parameter, generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) and an improved moist ageostrophic Q vector(Qum). Advances in vorticity dynamics are also described, including the adoption of a "parcel dynamic" approach to investigate the development of the vertical vorticity of an air parcel; a novel theory of slantwise vorticity development, proposed because vorticity develops easily near steep isentropic surfaces; and the development of the convective vorticity vector(CVV)as an effective new tool. The significant progress in both frontal dynamics and wave dynamics is also summarized, including the geostrophic adjustment of initial unbalanced flow and the dual role of boundary layer friction in frontogenesis, as well as the interaction between topography and fronts, which indicate that topographic perturbations alter both frontogenesis and frontal structure. For atmospheric vortices, mixed wave/vortex dynamics has been extended to explain the propagation of spiral rainbands and the development of dynamical instability in tropical cyclones. Finally, we review wave and basic flow interaction in torrential rainfall, for which it was necessary to extend existing theory from large-scale flows to mesoscale fields, enriching our knowledge of mesoscale atmospheric dynamics.  相似文献   

The imprint of plants on ecosystem functioning: A data-driven approach     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

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Salinity and periodic inundation controls on the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum of gray mangroves          下载免费PDF全文

Saverio Perri  Francesco Viola  Leonardo Valerio Noto  Annalisa Molini 《水文研究》2017,31(6):1271-1282

Salinity and periodic inundation are both known to have a major role in shaping the ecohydrology of mangroves through their controls on water uptake, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, gas exchanges, and nutrient availability. Salinity, in particular, can be considered one of the main abiotic regulating factors for halophytes and salt‐tolerant species, due to its influence on water use patterns and growth rate. Ecohydrological literature has rarely focused on the effects of salinity on plant transpiration, based on the fact that the terrestrial plants mostly thrive in low‐saline, unsaturated soils where the role of osmotic potential can be considered negligible. However, the effect of salinity cannot be neglected in the case of tidal species like mangroves, which have to cope with hyperosmotic conditions and waterlogging. We introduce here a first‐order ecohydrological model of the soil/plant‐atmosphere continuum of Avicennia marina—also known as gray mangrove—a highly salt‐tolerant pioneer species able to adapt to hyperarid intertidal zones and characterized by unique morphological and ecophysiological traits. The A. marina's soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum takes explicitly into account the role of water head, osmotic water potential, and water salinity in governing plant water fluxes. A. marina's transpiration is thus modeled as a function of salinity based on a simple parameterization of salt exclusion mechanisms at the root level and a modified Jarvis' expression accounting for the effects of salinity on stomatal conductance. Consistently with previous studies investigating the physiology of mangroves in response to different environmental drivers, our results highlight the major influence of salinity on mangrove transpiration when contrasted with other potential stressors such as waterlogging and water stress.  相似文献   

The Fluxes and Behaviour of Plumes Inferred from Measurements of Coherent Structures within Images of the Bulk Flow     

H.C. Burridge  J.L. Partridge  P.F. Linden 《大气与海洋》2016,54(4):403-417

This paper describes how measurements of the movement of identifiable features at the edge of a turbulent plume can be interpreted to determine the properties of the mean flow and consequently, using plume theory, can be used to make estimates of the fluxes of volume (mass), momentum, and buoyancy in a plume. This means that video recordings of smoke rising from a chimney or buoyant material from a source on the sea bed can be used to make accurate estimates of the source conditions for the plume. At best we can estimate the volume flux and buoyancy flux to within about 5% and 15% of the actual values, respectively. Although this is restricted to the case of a plume rising in a stationary and unstratified environment, we show that the results may be of practical use in other more complex situations. In addition, we demonstrate that large-scale (turbulent) coherent structures at the plume edge form on a scale approximately 40% of the local (mean) plume half-width and travel at almost 60% of the average local (mean) velocity in the plume.  相似文献   

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季大气边界层O_3廓线分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

何清  刘强  杨兴华  艾力·买买提明  霍文  梁云 《中国沙漠》2010,30(4):909-916

为了揭示塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季大气边界层O3的浓度变化特征,利用系留气艇于2008年1月18—25日在塔中地区进行了大气边界层O3观测试验,结合相关资料,初步分析了塔中地区冬季边界层O3浓度垂直分布特征及其与温度、湿度的关系。其结果是:①塔中地区臭氧浓度集中分布在10～50ppb之间,其中试验期间观测到O3最大浓度值56.1ppb,最小浓度为2.6ppb,臭氧的最大浓度基本都在40ppb左右,日平均浓度为34.4ppb。②大气边界层O3的浓度廓线可分为峰值型、均匀型、增长型3种,其中均匀型所占比重最大。③大气边界层O3浓度与温度、湿度密切相关,逆温及空气中水汽的增加会导致臭氧浓度降低。④大气边界层O3有明显的日变化,越贴近地面日变化越明显,其变化特征与太阳辐射有着密切关系。臭氧浓度夜晚较低,日出后开始增加,午后达到一天中的最大值;随着日落,臭氧浓度开始减小,在清晨达到最小值;臭氧浓度日最大值出现在17:00,最小值出现在08:00。  相似文献