Hydrological trends and the evolution of catchment research in the Alptal valley,central Switzerland     

Manfred Stähli  Jan Seibert  James W. Kirchner  Jana von Freyberg  Ilja van Meerveld 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14113

When the observation of small headwater catchments in the pre-Alpine Alptal valley (central Switzerland) started in the late 1960s, the researchers were mainly interested in questions related to floods and forest management. Investigations of geomorphological processes in the steep torrent channels followed in the 1980s, along with detailed observations of biogeochemical and ecohydrological processes in individual forest stands. More recently, research in the Alptal has addressed the impacts of climate change on water supply and runoff generation. In this article, we describe, for the first time, the evolution of catchment research at Alptal, and present new analyses of long-term trends and short-term hydrologic behaviour. Hydrometeorological time series from the past 50 years show substantial interannual variability, but only minimal long-term trends, except for the ~2°C increase in mean annual air temperature over the 50-year period, and a corresponding shift towards earlier snowmelt. Similar to previous studies in larger Alpine catchments, the decadal variations in mean annual runoff in Alptal's small research catchments reflect the long-term variability in annual precipitation. In the Alptal valley, the most evident hydrological trends were observed in late spring and are related to the substantial change in the duration of the snow cover. Streamflow and water quality are highly variable within and between hydrological events, suggesting rapid shifts in flow pathways and mixing, as well as changing connectivity of runoff-generating areas. This overview illustrates how catchment research in the Alptal has evolved in response to changing societal concerns and emerging scientific questions.  相似文献   

海域金矿找矿方法研究——以山东省莱州市三山岛北部海域金矿为例     

田振环 《地质学报》2019,93(S1):19-28

莱州市三山岛北部海域金矿区是世界上第一个查明的海域岩金矿。它通过追索延伸至海域的三山岛断裂，圈定破金找矿靶区。利用海域高精度磁测和浅地层剖面测量配合海上钻探，找到了海域大型金矿。以三山岛海域金矿普查为依托，研究出来的这套海域金矿找矿方法和海上钻探平台，可为今后开展海域金及其它与断裂有关的矿产资源找矿，提供指导和借鉴。  相似文献   

新疆东天山觉罗塔格带中康古尔金矿床成因的再认识     

杜尚泽  张元厚  杨万志  文斌  王鹏 《矿床地质》2020,39(6):1103-1121

东天山觉罗塔格构造带中康古尔金矿因其独特的成矿地质特征，成因一直备受争议。文章立足于康古尔金矿地质特征，结合前人的研究资料，通过探讨觉罗塔格带的构造演化，重新审视康古尔金矿的成因。笔者总结了觉罗塔格构造带晚古生代地层时代及火山-沉积建造特征，认为晚古生代早期大洋板块向北俯冲，发育奥陶纪-泥盆纪弧火山岩及火山-沉积岩系，石炭纪康古尔洋发生双向洋-陆俯冲，在两侧形成对称岛弧带，局部平稳拉张环境为铜-铅-锌-金成矿的有利环境。野外地质观察及室内研究结果表明其成因不仅仅与韧性剪切作用有关。康古尔金矿体位于海相安山岩、凝灰岩的交替部位，上部富金-中部铅锌-下部富铜的金属分带特征，与VMS矿床特征一致。矿体呈板状且与围岩截然接触，明显受挤压变形的网脉状矿化表明矿体形成早于韧性剪切作用。矿床地球化学特征表明，康古尔金矿成矿作用具有多期多阶段性。通过详细对比康古尔金矿和造山型金矿、小热泉子VMS铜矿的特征，笔者认为康古尔金矿具有原生VMS矿床的特征，并且被二叠纪韧性变形所改造，为喷流沉积-变质热液改造型富金多金属矿床。  相似文献   

北京十三陵地区青白口系长龙山组含铁建造的发育特征及成因^*          下载免费PDF全文

张琴  王柏寒  周琛  孙祖宇  梅啸寒  原成帅  王凯 《古地理学报》2020,22(3):570-586

含铁建造在整个前寒武纪的地质记录中分布广泛,但针对华北地区青白口系长龙山组出露的含铁建造目前还没有报道。文中通过野外观察及室内XRD、SEM、ICP-MS等手段,对北京十三陵地区出露的长龙山组含铁建造的分布规律、矿物组成、成矿物质来源等开展研究,并探讨含铁建造的成因机制。结果表明,含铁建造的铁质主要为赤铁矿,与石英、海绿石等矿物伴生。含铁建造存在2种分布模式: Ⅰ型含铁建造,与海绿石伴生,产出厚度变化大(1~50 cm),偏光显微镜下海绿石砂岩和铁质条带呈互层状产出,赤铁矿具近球形结构;Ⅱ型含铁建造,无海绿石伴生,产出厚度相对较大(一般大于10 cm),镜下见黑色的富铁层夹碎屑石英透镜体,赤铁矿常发育针状或雪花状结构。依据构造演化和微量元素分析,认为含铁建造的铁质来源主要为下马岭组顶部的铁质风化壳。Ⅰ型含铁建造为化学胶体沉淀与海绿石风化的混合成因;Ⅱ型含铁建造主要属于胶体化学沉积成因,后期可能经受了糜棱化改造作用。这一结论为华北地区前寒武纪含铁建造的找矿提供了沉积地质依据,对于完善含铁建造成矿机理及华北地区元古代构造演化具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

华南上扬子区深部温度估算及其油气地质意义     

李香兰  刘绍文  徐明  李旭东  郝春艳 《地质学报》2020,94(6):1896-1910

盆地热体制及深部温度估算对油气和区域地热能资源评估具有重要意义。南方上扬子区是海相油气勘探的重要区块,近年来更是我国页岩气勘探的主要选区。然而,由于数据不足及研究目标的分散,该区的盆地热体制特征还有待深化。结合前人已有地热数据,并整合新近开展的稳态测温数据,我们揭示了上扬子区现今地温梯度、大地热流分布特征,继而估算了1000～6000m埋深处的深部地层温度和2套主要古生界海相烃源岩底界面处的温度。结果表明,上扬子区具有中-低温的地热状态,其现今地温梯度和大地热流的范围(平均值)分别为10～74℃/km(24℃/km)和27～118mW/m~2(64mW/m~2),整体上从东北向西南方向递增,呈现出"东北低、西南高"的分布趋势。1000～6000m埋深处估算温度的分布格局与地温梯度及热流的分布趋势基本一致。东北部的鄂西-湘北地区为低温区,中部的四川盆地其大部分为中温区,西南的云南地区为高温区。上扬子区现今地热分布格局受区域差异构造和岩浆作用控制。结合储层温度估算并综合其他油气地质资料,提出川东的石柱-涪陵、川南的威远-自贡-泸州和宜宾-长宁等区的下志留统龙马溪组页岩层系是上扬子区油气勘探有利区带。  相似文献   

气举反循环钻进井壁稳定及适用性探讨          下载免费PDF全文

郑伯乐  郑秀华  段晨阳  叶宏宇 《探矿工程》2020,47(6):13-18

气举反循环工艺具有钻进效率高、携带岩屑能力强、防漏效果好以及钻头寿命长等优点，同时还可以提高流体矿产的产能。但是一般认为气举反循环钻进抽吸作用会产生负压，不利于井壁稳定，不宜在松散地层应用。本文通过计算气举反循环钻进环空水力参数，并从环空压力以及冲洗液流态、流速等方面探讨研究气举反循环钻进中井壁稳定及其适用性，指出通过选取合适的钻具组合以及调节冲洗液性能，可使气举反循环工艺对不同地层的适应性更广。  相似文献   

Early Jurassic basal sauropodomorpha dominated tracks from Guizhou,China: Morphology,ethology, and paleoenvironment     

Lida Xing  Martin G. Lockley  Dongjie Tang  Hendrik Klein  Guangzhao Peng  Yong Ye  Baoqiao Hao 《地学前缘(英文版)》2019,10(1):229-240

The newly discovered large (350 m²) Yantan dinosaur tracksite, in the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation of Guizhou Province, China, reveals at least 250 footprints of which ～97 can be resolved into trackways of sauropodomorphs. All the trackways are sub parallel likely indicating gregarious behavior. One theropod track (cf. Grallator) was recorded. The sauropodomorph tracks predominantly represent quadrupedal progression (Morphotype A), and footprint morphology is similar to the ichnospecies Liujianpusshunan, characterized by outward pes rotation. Three trackways indicate bipedal progression, and two of these (Morphotype B) indicate inward pes rotation, accompanied by elongate pes digit scratch marks. For the latter phenomenon three possible scenarios are discussed: (1) significant rotation changes accompanying changes in gait, (2) swimming behavior, (3) formation of undertracks.Sedimentological evidence indicates the tracks were made on a linguloid rippled, muddy, immature sandstone substrate characterized by significant differences in substrate consistency across the track-bearing surface. Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) characterized by distinctive wrinkle marks indicate a stressed, probably semi-arid, paleoenvironment that was not conducive to habitation by invertebrate organisms. This is consistent with other evidence that Lower Jurassic sauropodomorph tracks are often associated with semi-arid paleoenvironments.  相似文献   

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷地层压力结构特征     

姜文亚  宋泽章  周立宏  蒲秀刚  王娜  代昆  万伟超  刘祥柏 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(1):52-69

深化含油气沉积盆地的压力结构研究，厘清异常压力的空间展布，对划分含油气系统、评价有利输导体系与明确勘探甜点区带具有重要的理论和实践意义。为深化渤海湾盆地富油凹陷的油气二次勘探，本文以歧口凹陷为研究对象，对其压力结构进行重点刻画。在实测地层压力的校正下，综合单井、连井和二维地震地层压力结构分析，厘清了歧口凹陷的压力结构特征，识别出4类纵向压力结构：①单超压带结构；②双超压带结构；③多超压带结构；④静水压力结构。纵向上，歧口地区存在3类纵向压力系统样式——单超压系统、双超压系统、静水常压系统。双超压系统是歧口凹陷的主要压力系统样式，广泛发育于主凹和各大次凹；从凹陷中心向盆地边缘，双超压系统逐渐向单超压系统、静水常压系统过渡。单超压系统主要分布于盆地边缘的斜坡和潜山区，如歧北高斜坡、羊三木-扣村潜山等。静水常压系统则主要分布在离深凹区更远的沈青庄潜山和埕北斜坡区域。上部超压系统和下部超压系统的顶板分别位于东营组和沙三段内部，侧向上受盆地边缘和深大断裂控制。上部超压系统的形成主要受欠压实作用控制，以歧口主凹为中心呈环带分布；而下部超压系统的形成主要受生烃作用控制，以主凹和几大次凹为中心分布。未来，下部超压系统中保存的天然气将成为歧口地区超深层天然气勘探的重点对象。  相似文献   

大兴安岭北部雄关地区倭勒根岩群大网子岩组火山岩地球化学特征     

姜迎久  舒广龙  胥嘉  冯德胜  王春光 《地质与资源》2019,28(3):223

雄关地区的倭勒根岩群大网子岩组主要为变碎屑岩夹变流纹岩和变粗面安山岩.利用ICP-MS仪器对变粗面安山岩进行锆石U-Pb年龄测定，结果显示变粗面安山岩锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为443.8~783.8 Ma，获得ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素谐和年龄为463.7±2.1 Ma，加权平均年龄为463.6±6.4 Ma（ⁿ=10，MSWD=0.073）.所测锆石振荡环带较发育，Th/U值一般为0.42~1.76，具有岩浆成因特征.该年龄代表粗面安山岩形成年龄，认为其形成于中奥陶世，与区域大网子岩组形成时代（寒武纪-早志留世）一致.大网子岩组粗面安山岩属碱钙系列准铝质岩石，铕异常不显著，相对亏损高场强元素，富集大离子亲石元素.岩石具有壳幔混源特征，形成于陆缘环境，与古亚洲洋壳俯冲有关.  相似文献   

Smectite formation in metalliferous sediments near the East Pacific Rise at 13°N   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

荣坤波  曾志刚  殷学博  陈帅  王晓媛  齐海燕  马瑶 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(9):67-81

A 43 cm long E271 sediment core collected near the East Pacific Rise(EPR) at 13°N were studied to investigate the origin of smectite for understanding better the geochemical behavior of hydrothermal material after deposition.E271 sediments are typical metalliferous sediments. After removal of organic matter, carbonate, biogenic opal,and Fe-Mn oxide by a series of chemical procedures, clay minerals(2 μm) were investigated by X-ray diffraction,chemical analysis and Si isotope analysis. Due to the influence of seafloor hydrothermal activity and close to continent, the sources of clay minerals are complex. Illite, chlorite and kaolinite are suggested to be transported from either North or Central America by rivers or winds, but smectite is authigenic. It is enriched in iron, and its contents are highest in clay minerals. Data show that smectite is most likely formed by the reaction of hydrothermal Fe-oxyhydroxide with silica and seawater in metalliferous sediments. The Si that participates in this reaction may be derived from siliceous microfossils(diatoms or radiolarians), hydrothermal fluids, or detrital mineral phases. And their δ30 Si values are higher than those of authigenic smectites, which implies that a Si isotope fractionation occurs during the formation because of the selective absorption of light Si isotopes onto Feoxyhydroxides. Sm/Fe mass ratios(a proxy for overall REE/Fe ratio) in E271 clay minerals are lower than those in metalliferous sediments, as well as distal hydrothermal plume particles and terrigenous clay minerals. This result suggests that some REE are lost during the smectite formation, perhaps because their large ionic radii of REE scavenged by Fe-oxyhydroxides preclude substitution in either tetrahedral or octahedral lattice sites of this mineral structure, which decreases the value of metalliferous sediments as a potential resource for REE.  相似文献