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The relict Fairmont Hot Springs deposit, formed largely of carbonates, covers an area of 0·5 km2, and is up to 16 m thick. The triangle‐shaped discharge apron, which broadens down‐valley, is divided into a proximal part with beds dipping at <10° and a distal part with beds dipping at 10° to 15°. The deposit is formed of the: (1) Basal Macrophyte; (2) Lower Carbonate; (3) Middle Clastic; (4) Upper Carbonate; and (5) Upper Clastic Sequences. Two charcoal samples embedded in the Lower Carbonate Sequence yielded dates of 8690 ± 90 and 8270 ± 70 cal yr bp , indicating that much of the deposit formed post‐glacially during the Early to Mid‐Holocene. Deposit aggradation ceased in the Mid to Late Holocene when the Fairmont Creek valley was incised. The Lower and Upper Carbonate Sequences, which are the thickest sequences, are composed of nearly equal parts of travertine (abiotic) and tufa (biotic), with feather dendrite travertine, radiating dendrite travertine and stromatolite tufa dominating. Competition between calcite precipitation rates and biotic growth rates controlled the distribution of tufa and travertine across the discharge apron. Calcite and biotic growth rates were controlled largely by flow velocity across the apron which, in turn, was controlled by topography and regular fluctuations in spring water discharge volume. During times of high spring discharge, slow sheet flow over the proximal part of the apron promoted stromatolite growth, whereas fast, turbulent flow on the distal part of the apron induced rapid feather dendrite formation. During times of low spring discharge, quiescent, shallow evaporative pools, conducive to radiating dendrite formation, formed on the proximal part of the apron, whereas slow flow on the distal part promoted stromatolite growth. Facies with high calcite supersaturation experienced rapid abiotic dendrite growth that precluded most biotic growth.  相似文献   
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增长三角是协调城市体系功能、加速区域发展的有效方式。根据中点优先极化的原理和重心极化原理,容易推出两种具有分形特征的三角网络:中点极化网和重心极化网。引入分枝维的概念,对两种分形网络进行维数计算;认为中点极化网既有增长三角的优势又有优化的分形维数,是较为理想的城市体系交通网络配置。基于这种认识,以河南省中心城市群为例,计算出该区的交通网络分维数为1.4375,根据与中点极化网分维数的差距和该网络现有问题,规划了理想的交通网络模式。  相似文献   
3.
玻镁安山岩中辉石枝晶的形貌与晶体生长方式   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
谭劲  赵珊茸  莫宣学  邓晋福 《矿物学报》1998,18(2):225-229,T001
川西乡城地区的玻镁安山岩基质中辉石微晶具有奇特的枝晶形貌。通过高倍率光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,较详细地分析了辉石枝晶的形貌细节。辉石枝晶一般发育三级分枝,各分枝间以近于90°和110°交角沿单斜辉石结晶学主轴方位优先生长,各级分校具有整体一致的光学性质,如同单个晶体。玻镁安山岩浆流动性大,呈薄层状。快速冷凝作用和强的结晶能力是辉石枝晶发育的前提条件。初步探讨了在远离平衡态结晶时,辉石枝晶生长方式和界面稳定性对晶体形貌的控制作用。  相似文献   
4.
Freshwater carbonates (tufas) develop today from the Arctic to the tropics, many being localized about springs and upper water courses. Some Quaternary tufas, especially in the Mediterranean region, extend over tens of square kilometres and exceed 30 m in thickness. Radiometric dating of Holocene deposits shows that many have accumulated at an average rate of 1 mm year?1. However, local precipitation may be much faster and some Holocene deposits may even have outpaced their tropical marine carbonate counterparts. Recently, the study of active sites has attempted to quantify the precipitation mechanisms which lead to tufa deposition. However, field observation and sampling procedures suffer from the inherent disadvantages of uncontrolled fluctuations in environmental conditions during the study programme. These disadvantages compromise any interpretations, particularly where controls on spar versus micrite precipitation are concerned. Many of these problems have been overcome in the current study by the construction and operation of laboratory mesocosm flumes which simulate the natural conditions (e.g. pH, flow rate, ambient temperature and daylight) in which freshwater carbonate (tufa) is deposited. Three mesocosms were supplied with natural river water from tufa precipitating streams and two mesocosms were supplied with UV‐treated (sterile) river water from the same source. One of the untreated flume mesocosms was linked with a calcium reactor, which replaced calcium ions removed during the precipitation process in order to maintain tufa growth over extended experimental runs. Low‐magnesium calcite precipitates (both rhombic sparite grown from long‐crystallite dendrites and short‐crystallite dendrite triad precursors) and micrite peloids (grown from spherulitic precursors) were precipitated in intimate association with biofilm (extracellular polymeric substances) within the four mesocosms supplied with natural river water. Virtually, no tufa‐like precipitate was obtained from the flumes supplied with UV‐treated river water. A second extended run flume experiment was also carried out for comparison purposes using a calcium hydroxide solution in deionized water. Collectively, these experiments provide convincing evidence confirming that the presence of a microbial biofilm strongly influences the precipitation of carbonates in riverine freshwater settings. In particular, experimental results show that micro‐peloidal micrite and short‐crystallite calcite dendrites are only produced in the presence of microbial extracellular polymeric substances.  相似文献   
5.
铸石中辉石枝晶生长与形貌研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
本文介绍了铸石的性能和应用,以及铸石制品的生产过程。对样品进行了各方面测试分析。铸石中辉石枝晶具有奇特的分枝形貌。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,较详细地分析了辉石枝晶的形貌细节。辉石枝晶一般发育三级分枝,各分枝间彼此以90°和110°交角沿单斜辉石类型的结晶轴方位生长。岩浆熔体的性质和生产工艺深刻影响着辉石枝晶生长演变。  相似文献   
6.
本文采集了3种典型的富锰沉积物样品,即岩石漆、树枝晶与土壤铁锰胶膜,并制作了相应的纵切片。运用光学显微镜、原位微区拉曼光谱仪、扫描电镜、EDX能谱仪分别对其形貌学与矿物学特征进行了研究。结果表明岩石漆呈黑色致密层状、葡萄状,主要由水钠锰矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿、粘土矿物等组成,是一种高度混杂的沉积物。宏观上岩石漆与基岩有截然的接触面,发育有微层理结构,在微观上的表现即锰含量的周期性波动。树枝晶呈黑色分枝状,主要由锰钡矿组成,极端富锰而贫硅铝,与基质呈交织结构。土壤铁锰胶膜呈黑色粘稠层状,由水钠锰矿、赤铁矿、针铁矿、钛铁矿、粘土矿物等组成,可细分为外层黑褐色的富锰条带和内层黄棕色的富铁条带。这3种富锰沉积物的形貌学和元素分布特征与各自的成因机制密切相关。  相似文献   
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