Describing alpine lake influence on stream network temperatures: A statistical modelling approach     

Samuel P. Carlson  Geoffrey C. Poole 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14072

Systematic variations in atmospheric heat exchange, surface residence time, and groundwater influx across montane stream networks commonly produce an increasing stream temperature trend with decreasing elevation. However, complex stream temperature profiles that differ from this common longitudinal trend also exist, suggesting that stream temperatures may be influenced by complex interactions among hydrologic and atmospheric processes. Lakes within stream networks form one potential source of temperature profile complexity due to the spatially variable contribution of lake-sourced water to stream flow. We investigated temperature profile complexity in a multi-season stream temperature dataset collected across a montane stream network containing many alpine lakes. This investigation was performed by making comparisons between multiple statistical models that used different combinations of stream and lake characteristics to represent specific hypotheses for the controls on stream temperature. The compared models included a set of models which used a topographically derived estimate of the hydrologic influence of lakes to separate and quantify the effects of stream elevation and lake source-water contributions to longitudinal stream temperature patterns. This source-water mixing model provided a parsimonious explanation for complex stream-network temperature patterns in the summer and autumn, and this approach may be further applicable to other systems where stream temperatures are influenced by multiple water sources. Simpler models that discounted lake effects were more optimal during the winter and spring, suggesting that complex patterns in stream temperature profiles may emerge and subside temporally, across seasons, in response to diversity of water temperatures from different sources.  相似文献   

利用光变曲线估计猎鹰九号火箭末级的旋转状态研究     

苏向泽  汤儒峰  李荣旺  李语强 《天文研究与技术》2021,(2):203-212

光度观测是地基观测空间目标的主要手段之一,利用光度信息能够估计空间目标的相关特征信息。为了更好地了解空间目标的旋转状态,选取具有代表性的猎鹰九号火箭末级作为研究对象,由其光变信息研究旋转状态。首先利用云南天文台1.2 m光学望远镜获取猎鹰九号火箭末级的光度数据,再对目标星等进行斜距归一化,得到目标光变信息并分析目标星等随时间变化的曲线,估计大致的旋转周期,再由相位离散最小化方法计算会合周期。根据太阳、目标和测站之间的位置关系、惯性主轴指向、旋转轴指向、初始相位等因素,采用姿态旋转矩阵计算理论星等,利用最小二乘原则确定惯性主轴方向及初相角度、旋转轴指向。最后给出了猎鹰九号火箭末级的旋转周期、会合周期以及旋转轴指向等参数,为后续开展其他空间目标光度信息研究提供参考。  相似文献   

Analytical investigation of the exact groundwater divide between rivers beyond the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation     

Ruoyi Li  Xu-Sheng Wang 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14036

The groundwater divide is a key feature of river basins and significantly influenced by subsurface hydrological processes. For an unconfined aquifer between two parallel rivers or ditches, it has long been defined as the top of the water table based on the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation. However, the exact groundwater divide is subject to the interface between two local flow systems transporting groundwater to rivers from the infiltration recharge. This study contributes a new analytical model for two-dimensional groundwater flow between rivers of different water levels. The flownet is delineated in the model to identify groundwater flow systems and the exact groundwater divide. Formulas with two dimensionless parameters are derived to determine the distributed hydraulic head, the top of the water table and the groundwater divide. The locations of the groundwater divide and the top of the water table are not the same. The distance between them in horizontal can reach up to 8.9% of the distance between rivers. Numerical verifications indicate that simplifications in the analytical model do not significantly cause misestimates in the location of the groundwater divide. In contrast, the Dupuit–Forchheimer approximation yields an incorrect water table shape. The new analytical model is applied to investigate groundwater divides in the Loess Plateau, China, with a Monte Carlo simulation process taking into account the uncertainties in the parameters.  相似文献   

一种横观各向同性岩体蠕变模型     

李列列  管俊峰  肖明砾  刘海朝  唐克东 《岩土力学》2020,41(9):2922-2930

层状岩体由于层理面或者结构面的存在，在力学上具有横观各向同性的特点，现有的各向同性蠕变模型难以全面反映横观各向同性岩体的蠕变力学特性。为构建能够反映横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变模型，以能反映瞬时应变、减速蠕变和稳态蠕变特征的黏弹性Burgers模型为基础，基于常泊松比假定，在三维各向同性蠕变本构方程的基础上，按照算子替换的方法，将横观各向同性柔度矩阵代替各向同性柔度矩阵，并考虑了平行和垂直层理方向岩体蠕变力学行为的差异性，推导了横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变本构方程。根据本构方程的特点，提出了根据平行和垂直方向岩体蠕变试验结果进行三维蠕变本构模型中蠕变参数的辨识方法。将提出的模型应用于三轴蠕变试验参数辨识，从而获得了一套完整的三维蠕变参数，并与试验结果进行对比分析，从而验证了所提模型与方法的合理性和有效性。进一步，指出了传统蠕变试验设计方案的局限性，给出了横观各向同性材料蠕变试验设计建议。研究成果为研究岩体三维蠕变机制提供了新思路，可对岩体蠕变试验设计提供相应的科研支撑。  相似文献   

内蒙古碾子沟钼矿床成矿流体来源、演化及成矿机理     

孙丰月  王睿  王一存  李顺达  王可勇  石开拓  孙清飞  王文元 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(3):768-780

内蒙古自治区碾子沟钼矿床地处华北地台北缘西拉木伦钼成矿带西段，为一典型的中型石英脉型钼矿床。该钼矿床矿脉（体）主要产于燕山早期二长花岗岩-钾长花岗岩内NNW、NW向断裂构造体系之中，成矿作用过程经历了黄铁矿±辉钼矿＋石英（Ⅰ）、辉钼矿＋黄铁矿±黄铜矿＋石英（Ⅱ）、黄铜矿＋黄铁矿±闪锌矿＋石英（Ⅲ）及石英±方解石（Ⅳ）4个阶段。系统的流体包裹体岩相学、包裹体组分析、包裹体显微测温研究表明，矿床初始成矿流体为高温、中低盐度（490~550℃，盐度（w（NaC1））2%~10%，50~62 MPa）均匀的NaCl-H₂O体系热液，δ¹⁸O_H2O-SMOW（2.21‰）及δD_H2O-SMOW（-68.9‰）表明其主要来源于岩浆热液；成矿流体上升并不断汇聚于容矿断裂空间，伴随温度、压力降低（380~460℃，26~40 MPa→360~420℃，25~30 MPa）而进入两相不混溶区，流体开始发生沸腾→强烈沸腾作用，导致成矿元素Mo大量沉淀富集成矿，成矿晚期残余流体与大气降水混合（δ¹⁸O_H2O-SMOW为-2.41‰~2.51‰，δD_H2O-SMOW为-110.1‰~-105.5‰），矿床属燕山早期中高温岩浆热液型钼矿床。  相似文献   

Finite-difference model of land subsidence caused by cluster loads in Zhengzhou,China          下载免费PDF全文

ZHAO Yue-wen  WANG Xiu-yan  LIU Chang-li  LI Bing-yan 《地下水科学与工程》2020,8(1):43-56

Groundwater exploitation has been regarded as the main reason for land subsidence in China and thus receives considerable attention from the government and the academic community.Recently,building loads have been identified as another important factor of land subsidence,but researches in this sector have lagged.The effect of a single building load on land subsidence was neglected in many cases owing to the narrow scope and the limited depth of the additional stress in stratum.However,due to the superposition of stresses between buildings,the additional stress of cluster loads is greater than that of a single building load under the same condition,so that the land subsidence caused by cluster loads cannot be neglected.Taking Shamen village in the north of Zhengzhou,China,as an example,a finite-difference model based on the Biot consolidation theory to calculate the land subsidence caused by cluster loads was established in this paper.Cluster loads present the characteristics of large-area loads,and the land subsidence caused by cluster loads can have multiple primary consolidation processes due to the stress superposition of different buildings was shown by the simulation results.Pore water migration distances are longer when the cluster loads with high plot ratio are imposed,so that consolidation takes longer time.The higher the plot ratio is,the deeper the effective deformation is,and thus the greater the land subsidence is.A higher plot ratio also increases the contribution that the deeper stratigraphic layers make to land subsidence.Contrary to the calculated results of land subsidence caused by cluster loads and groundwater recession,the percentage of settlement caused by cluster loads in the total settlement was 49.43%and 55.06%at two simulated monitoring points,respectively.These data suggest that the cluster loads can be one of the main causes of land subsidence.  相似文献   

甘肃北山老金厂金矿床载金矿物特征、原位硫同位素组成及其对成矿的指示意义     

黄式庭  于晓飞  吕志成  刘家军  李永胜  杜泽忠  吕鑫  孙海瑞  杜轶伦 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(5):1387-1403

老金厂金矿床是北山成矿南带最具代表性的中低温岩浆热液型金矿床之一，其规模为中型。依据脉体穿插、矿物共生组合和矿石结构构造等特征，将矿床矿化作用过程划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段（Ⅰ）、石英-含砷黄铁矿-毒砂阶段（Ⅱ）、石英-黄铁矿-多金属硫化物阶段（Ⅲ）和石英-方解石阶段（Ⅳ）。利用电子探针研究了不同成矿阶段载金矿物的元素组成及其分布规律。Ⅰ阶段：黄铁矿以粗粒自形立方体为主，粒度为0.50~1.50 mm，贫As、Au；毒砂含量极少，呈细粒他形。Ⅱ阶段：含砷黄铁矿周围常有大量毒砂产出，含砷黄铁矿多为立方体、五角十二面体，粒度为0.30~1.00 mm，富As、Au；该阶段矿化最为强烈，毒砂主要形成于此时期，多呈棱柱状、柱状、放射状集合体，显示富S亏As特征。Ⅲ阶段：多以黄铁矿-黄铜矿-闪锌矿共生组合脉的形式产出，黄铁矿多呈长条状，以富S、Cu、Zn、Au和贫Fe、As为特征。Ⅳ阶段：矿化作用极弱，毒砂、黄铁矿含量极少，为细粒他形。原位硫同位素组成显示：Ⅰ阶段黄铁矿δ³⁴S_V-CDT值为-3.8‰~-2.9‰，均值为-3.3‰；Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿和毒砂δ³⁴S_V-CDT值为-4.7‰~2.6‰，均值为-3.3‰；Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿和闪锌矿δ³⁴S_V-CDT值主要分布于-1.9‰~1.0‰之间，均值为0.1‰。此3个阶段硫同位素组成反映了成矿期硫主要来源于幔源岩浆，混入了部分地层硫。综合前人研究成果，认为成矿早期至晚期，成矿流体总体上由富S贫As向富As贫S演化。Ⅰ阶段体系处于中性稳定的环境，硫源充足；Ⅱ阶段为贫S富As的高氧逸度环境，由于大气降水对地层的淋滤渗透，混入富As流体，Au可能与As结合形成Au-As络合物，在成矿有利部位富集沉淀；Ⅲ阶段成矿元素种类丰富，体系为富S贫As的弱还原环境，Au很可能与HS^-、S^-形成络合物进入黄铁矿晶格。  相似文献   

节点-场所模型及其应用的研究进展与展望     

陆林  邓洪波 《地理科学》2019,39(1):12-21

系统梳理了节点-场所模型及其应用的相关研究成果,发现已有研究主要集中在利用模型分析枢纽地区节点与场所发展特点、探究枢纽地区类型特点、预测枢纽地区发展潜力等方面。基于高速交通网和互联网的快速发展,提出未来节点-场所模型应用研究的重点方向：开展不同类型交通枢纽地区节点功能和场所功能的协同作用研究,探索旅游地空间节点功能和场所功能的平衡发展路径,探究不同要素流网络中节点城市的节点和场所协同发展,揭示节点-场所模型视域下地域空间演化的特征与规律,构建跨学科多元化的研究方法体系。通过加强节点-场所模型的应用研究,有利于优化地域空间结构,提升地域空间功能,丰富地域空间发展的理论研究,对制定地域空间发展规划具有重要启示。  相似文献   

基于GPS和水准数据的微粒群算法联合反演祁连山北缘断裂三维滑动速率     

刘杰 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(9):906-909

将微粒群算法与位错理论模型相结合，采用中国地壳运动观测网络提供的青藏高原地区2001~2004年GPS测量数据和2000~2006年水准测量数据，通过常规定权和附有相对权比的方法对祁连山北缘断裂的三维滑动速率进行联合反演，并与蚁群算法反演结果进行对比。结果表明，微粒群算法收敛速度快、稳定性高，结合经典位错理论模型，是一种可以有效求解断层三维滑动速率反演问题的优化算法，在大地测量反演领域极具应用潜力。  相似文献   

An improved analytical approach for simulating the lateral kinematic distress of deepwater offshore pipelines     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

Offshore pipelines are critical infrastructures and any possible damage may have devastating financial and environmental consequences. Earthquake-related geohazards (such as strong ground motion, active seismic faults, submarine landslides and debris flows) consist crucial threats that an offshore pipeline has to overcome. The main aim of the current study is to examine analytically a seabed-laid offshore pipeline subjected to a lateral kinematic distress due to a submarine landslide or a debris flow. Extra emphasis is given on the impact of pipe-soil interaction on the pipe response, by the realistic representation of the soil resistance via a tri-linear model. Firstly, the proposed analytical model is validated with a numerical model utilizing the finite-element method. Subsequently, various combinations of soil parameters and loading conditions that affect the examined problem are investigated with realistic input data taken from the offshore section of the high-pressure natural-gas pipeline TAP (Trans Adriatic Pipeline) in the Adriatic Sea. Finally, useful conclusions are drawn regarding the applicability and the efficiency of the proposed approach.  相似文献