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1.
Peter R. Robichaud Edwin D. Bone Sarah A. Lewis Erin S. Brooks Robert E. Brown 《水文研究》2021,35(1):e13943
Active wildfire seasons in the western U.S. warrant the evaluation of post-fire forest management strategies. Ground-based salvage logging is often used to recover economic loss of burned timber. In unburned forests, ground-based logging often follows best management practices by leaving undisturbed areas near streams called stream buffers. However, the effectiveness of these buffers has not been tested in a post-wildfire setting. This experiment tested buffer width effectiveness with a novel field-simulated rill experiment using sediment-laden runoff (25 g/L) released over 40 min at evenly timed flow rates (50, 100 and 150 L/min) to measure surface runoff travel length and sediment concentration under unburned and high and low soil burn severity conditions at 2-, 10- and 22-month post-fire. High severity areas 2-month post-fire had rill lengths of up to 100 m. Rill length significantly decreased over time as vegetation regrowth provided ground cover. Sediment concentration and sediment dropout rate also varied significantly by soil burn severity. Sediment concentrations were 19 g/L for the highest flow 2-month post-fire and reduced to 6.9–14 g/L 10-month post-fire due to abundant vegetation recovery. The amount of sediment dropping out of the flow consistently increased over the study period with the low burn severity rate of 1.15 g L−1 m−1 approaching the unburned rate of 1.29 g L−1 m−1 by 2-year post-fire. These results suggest that an often-used standard, 15 m buffer, was sufficient to contain surface runoff and reduce sediment concentration on unburned sites, however buffers on high burn severity sites need to be eight times greater (120 m) immediately after wildfire and four times greater (60 m) 1-year post-fire. Low burn severity areas 1-year post-fire may need to be only twice the width of an unburned buffer (30 m), and 2-year post-fire these could return to unburned widths. 相似文献
2.
软件模块故障倾向预测方法研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了在区分故障严重程度下的软件模块故障倾向预测方法,将故障分为高严重程度和低严重程度两种类型,用统计分析和机器学习方法分析静态代码度量与故障倾向之间的关系。以公开和私有两种类型的失效数据集作为实验数据,分析发现,故障的严重程度影响预测性能,预测不同严重程度的故障需要选择不同的度量和分类模型,预测低严重程度故障的性能好于预测高严重程度故障的性能。 相似文献
3.
S. Veraverbeke W.W. Verstraeten S. Lhermitte R. Goossens 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2010
The influence of illumination effects on the optimality of the dNBR (differenced Normalized Burn Ratio) was evaluated for the case of the 2007 Peloponnese (Greece) wildfires using a pre/post-fire Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) image couple. Well-illuminated pixels (south and south-east facing slopes) exhibited more optimal displacements in the bi-spectral feature space than more shaded pixels (north and north-west exposed slopes). Moreover, pixels experiencing a small image-to-image difference in illumination obtained a higher optimality than pixels with a relatively large difference in illumination. To correct for illumination effects, the c-correction method and a modified c-correction technique were applied. The resulting median dNBR optimality of uncorrected, c-corrected and modified c-correction data was respectively 0.58, 0.60 and 0.71 (differences significant for p < 0.001). The original c-correction method improved the optimality of badly illuminated pixels while deteriorating the optimality of well-illuminated pixels. In contrast, the modified c-correction technique improved the optimality of all the pixels while retaining the prime characteristic of topographic correction techniques, i.e. detrending the illumination–reflectance relationship. For a minority of the data, for shaded pixels and/or pixels with a high image-to-image difference in illumination, the original c-correction outperformed the modified c-correction technique. In this study conducted in rugged terrain and with a bi-temporal image acquisition scheme that deviated up to two months from the ideal anniversary date scheme the modified c-correction technique resulted in a more reliable change detection. 相似文献
4.
目的:明确士兵胫骨应力性骨折患者不同影像学评分与临床表现之间的相互关系,增强对士兵胫骨应力性骨折的认识。方法:本研究共纳入34例参加军事训练出现胫骨应力性骨折的士兵患者,所有对象平均年龄为19.1岁。所有患者分别由骨科医生及影像科医生采用X线、MRI扫描及CT扫描来评价胫骨应力性骨折的严重程度。同时由骨科医生对临床严重程度评分进行评价。统计学分析不同影像学检查评分与临床严重程度之间的相互关系,影像学检查评分与治愈时间之间的关系以及评价不同医生采用不同影像学设备评价患者的可靠性。结果:临床严重程度与患者的X线(r=-0.529,P=0.029)、MRI扫描(r=-0.641,P=0.006)及CT (r=-0.573,P=0.016)影像学评分存在负相关。治愈时间与患者的X线及CT影像学评分无相关性,与MRI扫描的影像学评分虽无相关性,但有相关的趋势(P=0.09)。MRI扫描的可靠性最佳(α=0.849),CT次之(α=0.779),X线第三(α=0.623)。结论:胫骨应力性骨折临床严重程度与X线、磁共振及CT扫描影像学评分存在负相关。X线、磁共振及CT扫描影像学评分与治愈时间无相关性。 相似文献
5.
中国夏季和冬季极端干旱年代际变化及成因分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
依据1961～2009年中国区域540个气象站的夏、冬季气温和降水数据,首先采用气候变化趋势转折判别模型（简称PLFIM）分析了中国区域8个分区夏、冬季气温和降水的年代际变化,而后利用PDSI干旱指数研究了夏、冬季极端干旱在年代际尺度上的时空变化特征及其成因。结果表明:1961～2009年中国夏季极端干旱发生率北方大于南方,冬季则为在东部多而在西部少。夏季和冬季极端干旱发生概率在最后一次年代际转折后都呈增加趋势。在区域尺度上,夏季东北、华北和西北地区增加明显,冬季东北、华北、华南、西南地区增加显著。其中,降水在20世纪90年代以前的极端干旱变化中起主导作用,而后由于气候变暖所引起的极端干旱增加趋势逐渐增大,与降水变化的作用相互叠加。 相似文献
6.
Statistical change-point analysis was applied to a spring time series of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) in Korea, and this showed that the total analysis period can be divided into two periods: a wet period (1975–1990) and a dry period (1991–2014). To investigate the deepening of the spring drought in Korea, a difference in the spring means between the 1991–2014 and 1975–1990 periods was analyzed with respect to large-scale environments. In the recent spring, a typical pressure system pattern in winter, which was an anomalous west-high east-low pressure system pattern, was strengthened throughout the troposphere around Korea. Due to the anomalous pressure system pattern, Korea was affected by relatively cold and dry anomalous northerlies. Furthermore, the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) was not intensified, and thus the supply of warm and moist airs into Korea was further reduced due to the upper-level jet moving further to the south. In order to determine the reason for the development of the anomalous west-high east-low pressure system pattern in East Asia, the difference in spring snow depth between the two periods was analyzed, and the analysis results showed that positive anomalies were predominant throughout most regions in East Eurasia. As a result, in the analysis of the ground heat net flux, negative anomalies were strengthened in most regions in East Eurasia. The cooling effect in the surrounding regions due to the high snow depth in East Eurasia strengthened the anomalous pressure system pattern as a west-high east-low type. 相似文献
7.
基于帕默尔干旱指数的中国春季区域干旱特征比较研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
利用全国515个站(1957-2000年)气象资料,修正计算帕默尔干旱指数(Palmer drought severy index),进行干旱区划和研究春季区域演变特征.结果表明:中国干旱变化全区一致性程度低,干旱演变的区域差别大,存在着以内蒙古高原、南岭、华北北部及长白山脉、长江中下游、黄土高原、黄淮地区、天山北部、东北平原、河西走廊、云贵高原、塔里木盆地、青藏高原等为代表的12个干旱特征区.内蒙古高原区、华北北部及长白山脉区、黄土高原区、天山北部区域、东北平原区、河西走廊及其沙漠戈壁区春季干旱指数趋势变化呈下降趋势.南岭区、长江中下游区、黄淮区域、云贵高原区、塔里木盆地区、青藏高原区春季干旱指数趋势变化呈上升趋势.中国春季干旱指数大多存在5～8年的短周期年际周期变化,12～13年、15～16年的长周年际周期变化存在于部分区域,个别区域还存在20年长周期年际周期变化.中国干旱的区域特征差别显著. 相似文献
8.
C. Hsein Juang Haiming Yuan David Kun Li Susan Hui Yang Raymond A. Christopher 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(5):403-411
An empirical procedure for estimating the severity of liquefaction-induced ground damage at or near foundations of existing buildings is established. The procedure is based on an examination of 30 case histories from recent earthquakes. The data for these case histories consist of observations of the damage that resulted from liquefaction, and the subsurface soil conditions as revealed by cone penetration tests. These field observations are used to classify these cases into one of three damaging effect categories, ‘no damage’, ‘minor to moderate damage’, and ‘major damage’. The potential for liquefaction-induced ground failure at each site is calculated and expressed as the probability of ground failure. The relationship between the probability of ground failure and the damage class is established, which allows for the evaluation of the severity of liquefaction-induced ground damage at or near foundations. The procedure presented herein represents a significant attempt to address the issue of liquefaction effect. Caution must be exercised, however, when using the proposed model and procedure for estimating liquefaction damage severity, because they are developed based on limited number of case histories. 相似文献
9.
The risk of hail damage at a particular location depends on the frequency and severity (intensity) of hailfall. Three data sets were used to determine the relative risk of hail damage in the various weather forecasting districts of the state of New South Wales, Australia. Two of the data sets were observational data and the third was a set of crop insurance data. The crop insurance data was the least spatially-biased data available for rural areas. Combined data revealed that hailstorms were most frequent in the tablelands and most severe in the north of the state where there is summer-dominant rainfall. 相似文献
10.
E. Olukayode Oladipo 《Natural Hazards》1993,8(2):171-188
A long-period instrumental data set (1916–1987) of monthly growing season (April–October) rainfall totals for 34 stations in northern Nigeria is used to quantify drought following the method of H. N. Bhalme and D. A. Mooley. It is established that there are remarkable seasonal changes in the patterns of wetness and dryness over the region with no consistent recurrent spatial patterns in the moisture anomalies. In general, large-scale droughts only rarely cover the region as a whole, and there are distinct spatial differences dominating the wet and dry years. The length and severity of drought varies from sub-area to sub-area with very low interannual persistence. Although discrete areas do catch the brunt of drought on a year-by-year basis, drought occurrence in the region is largely sporadic in its spatial distribution. The rather noisy spatial characteristics of drought in northern Nigeria suggests that the seasonal shift in the Intertropical Discontinuity (ITD) is not likely the most important causal mechanism of drought in the region. 相似文献